Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of goat whey on DNBS-induced colitis in mice

This study evaluated the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of goat whey in a mouse model of colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid that resembles human IBD. At a concentration of 4 g/kg/day, the goat whey improved the symptoms of intestinal inflammation, namely by decreasing the disease activity index, colonic weight/length, and leukocyte infiltration. Moreover, goat whey inhibited NF-kappa B p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and consequently down-regulated the gene expression of various proinflammatory markers such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-alpha, iNOS, MMP-9, ICAM-1. Also, goat whey increased the expression of proteins such as mucins, occludin proteins and cytokine signalling suppressors. The immunomodulatory properties of goat whey were also evaluated in vitro using the murine macrophage cell line Raw 264 and CMT-93 cells derived from mouse rectum carcinomas. The results revealed the ability of goat whey to inhibit the production of NO and reduce IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated cells. In conclusion, goat whey exhibited antiinflammatory effects in the DNBS model of intestinal inflammation, and these observations were confirmed by its immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Together, our results indicate that goat whey could have applications for the treatment of IBD.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Goat milk oligosaccharides: composition, analytical methods and bioactive and nutritional properties

Background: Milk oligosaccharides are compounds capable of modulating intestinal microbiota by exerting a prebiotic, anti-adhesive and anti-inflammatory effect. Technological advances in equipment and analytical methods have indicated that goat milk is a good source of oligosaccharides, and that some of these oligosaccharides are similar to those found in human milk. Scope and approach: This review focuses on recent scientific information regarding the structure and composition of oligosaccharides in goat milk and their benefits, thereby providing an overview of what has been tested and proven about goat milk. Key findings and Conclusions: The quantification and the profile of oligosaccharides depend on the methodology applied for this purpose. Those based on HPLC and mass spectrometry are the best methods for oligosaccharide identification and quantification in goat milk. Membrane technology is also a successful method applied in the isolation and concentration of oligosaccharides. Beneficial effects of goat milk oligosaccharides are related to gastrointestinal activities, inflammatory reactions and nervous system development.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Composition and isolation of goat cheese whey oligosaccharides by membrane technology

The present research aimed investigates the characterization and concentration of oligosaccharides naturally present in goat cheese whey obtained from two types of goat milk. The goat cheese whey was processed by a two-step cross-flow filtration process and a hydrophilic interaction chromatography – Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a High Definition Mass Spectrometry. A Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (HILIC UPLC-HDMS-Q-TOF) method was used to identify and measure five different oligosaccharides in the samples. A final product with recovery of 63–96% of oligosaccharides was obtained when compared with the original whey. These components indicate that goat whey can be used as a source of oligosaccharides with potential functional and possible application for human nutrition.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of goat whey on IL-17 expression in colitic mice.

<p>Representative confocal photomicrographs of IL-17 (Panel A) immunoreactivity (green) in colons of the animals from each group; the sections are nuclear counterstained with DAPI (blue): (A.1) Healthy group had absent or weak IL-17 labelling in all mucosa layers; (A.2) IL-17 labelling was strong in the DNBS control group; (A.3) weak to moderate IL-17 labelling (red arrow) was seen in the group treated with goat whey; (A.4) Densitometric analysis confirmed a significant reduction in IL-17 immunoreactivity in goat whey. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM; the groups with different letters differ significantly (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by RT-qPCR.

<p>Colonic gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (A) Interleukin (IL)-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, (D) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), (E) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and (F) intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 analyzed by real-time qPCR and normalized with the housekeeping gene, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrohenase (GAPDH) in dinitrobenzene-sulphonic acid (DNBS) mice colitis 4 days after damage induction. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12/group). The groups with different letters are significantly different (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on the experimental model of colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS).

<p>(A) Disease Activity Index (DAI); (B) food consumption; (C) weight/length ratio of the colon; and (D) colonic segment of the experimental groups. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12/group). Groups with different letters or with an asterisk (✶) differ significantly (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on cell lines.

<p>(A) Nitrite (NO) production and (B) interleukin (IL)-6 levels in Raw 264 and CMT-93 cells, respectively, in basal or LPS-stimulated conditions (100 ng/mL and 1 μg/mL, respectively). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. The bars with different letters are significantly different (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on the colonic mucosa of colitic mice as assessed by histological examination.

<p>Sections of the colonic mucosa were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (x100): (A) Healthy, (B) DNBS control, and (C) Goat Whey. (D) Microscopic scores were assigned to the different groups according to the criteria described by Zea-Iriarte et al. (1996) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185382#pone.0185382.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>] and (E) Myeloperoxidase activity–MPO. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM (n = 12/group), and the groups with different letters differ significantly (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on pro-inflammatory cytokines as measured by ELISA.

<p>Distal colon tissue samples were cultured overnight. The supernatants were assessed for cytokine levels using kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocols. The cytokine levels in the supernatant were expressed as the concentration in pg/mL. (A) Interleukin (IL)-6 and (B) tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in colonic tissues from mice with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12). The groups with different letters are significantly different (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p

Effects of goat whey on gene expression by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of the intestinal mucosal barrier proteins as measured.

<p>Colonic gene expression of the barrier function mediators gene expression (A) Mucin (MUC)-2, (B) MUC-3, (C) occludin, (D) zonula occludens (ZO)-1 analyzed by real-time qPCR and normalized with the housekeeping gene, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrohenase (GAPDH) in dinitrobenzene-sulphonic acid (DNBS) mice colitis 4 days after damage induction. Representative confocal photomicrographs of ZO-1 (E) immunoreactivity (green) in colons of the animals from each group; the sections are nuclear counterstained with DAPI (blue): (E.1) Healthy group had moderated ZO-1 labelling; (E.2) ZO-1 labelling was almost absence in DNBS control group; (E.3) ZO-1 labelling (red arrow) was strong in the treated group with goat whey; (E.4) Densitometric analysis confirmed a significant increases in ZO-1 in goat whey. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM. the groups with different letters differ significantly (one-way ANOVA post hoc Tukey’s test, P < 0.05).</p