Prévalence et facteurs associés au stress professionnel chez les enseignants du secondaire de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso : une étude observationnelle transversale

Contexte et objectif. Le stress au travail touche tous les secteurs d’activités dont celui de l’éducation. La présente avait pour objectif de déterminer la prévalence du stress chez les enseignants et d’identifier les facteurs associés au stress chez les enseignants du secondaire de Ouagadougou. Méthodes. Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale auprès des enseignants du secondaire de la ville de Ouagadougou. Le questionnaire teacher stress inventory de Fimian a été utilisé pour évaluer le niveau de stress chez les enseignants. Nous avons utilisé une analyse régression logistique multivariée pour identifier les facteurs associés au stress chez les enseignants. Résultats. Quatre cent trente-neuf enseignants ont été enrôlés. L’âge moyen des enseignants était de 43,5 ans. Ils avaient en moyenne un volume horaire hebdomadaire de 19,3 heures. Ils enseignaient en Moyenne depuis 15,6 ans. Les enseignants consommateurs de substances psychoactives représentaient 34,8 %, ceux qui avaient des pathologies en cours représentaient 37,1 %. La prévalence du stress professionnel chez les enseignants était de 16,4 %. Les pathologies en cours (OR ajusté =2,06, p=0,012), le volume horaire hebdomadaire supérieur à 22 heures (OR ajusté=1,92, p=0,024) augmentaient le risqué d’être stressé chez les enseignants. A l’inverse avoir des loisirs réduisait 3x ce risque (OR ajusté =0,31 ; p=0,020). Conclusion. La prévalence du stress chez les enseignants du secondaire est élevée. Les pathologies en cours chez les enseignants, un volume horaire hebdomadaire supérieur à 22 heures étaient des facteurs de risque tandis que les loisirs étaient un facteur protecteur. English title: Prevalence and associated factors of occupational stress among secondary school teachers of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional observational study Context and objective. Occupational stress affects all activity branches. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of stress among teachers of the secondary school of Ouagadougou and identify the associated factors of stress among teachers of the secondary school of Ouagadougou. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study with secondary teachers in Ouagadougou. Fimian's teacher stress inventory was used to evaluate teacher stress levels. We used a logistical regression to identify stress-related factors in teachers. Results. Four hundred and thirty-nine teachers were involved. Their mean age was 43.58 years. They had on average a weekly hourly volume of 19.35 hours. They had been teaching for 15.61 years on average. The teachers who used psychoactives substances represented 34.85%, those who had medical condition represented 37.13%. The prevalence of work related stress among teacher was 16.4 %. Medical conditions (OR adjusted =2.06, p=0.012), the weekly hourly volume of more than 22 hours (OR ajusted=1.92, p=0.024) raised the risk of work related stress of teachers. In contrast, the leisures were a protector factor OR adjusted =0.31, p=0.020). Conclusion. The prevalence of work related stress among secondary school teacher was high. Medical conditions, weekly hourly volume of more than 22 hours were identified as risk factors but leisures were identified as protector factor. Keywords: occupational stress, teachers, Ouagadougo

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Background: In Burkina Faso, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is not routinely used in the biological qualification of blood donations and this constitutes a risk factor for the transmission of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during blood transfusion. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of occult B infection (OBI) among blood donors for the purposes of improved blood safety in Burkina Faso. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 300 HBsAg negative blood donors was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from April to October 2020. Anti-HBc antibody was determined using the BOSON® brand rapid tests. HBV DNA was detected in 75 selected donors by real-time PCR (rt PCR) using the 7500 Fast Real Time PCR assay technique. Results: Of the 300 HBsAg negative donors, 208 (69.3%) were males while 92 (30.7%) were females, with average age of 30.18 years. Anti-HBc antibody was detected in 39 cases (13%). Of the 75 donor samples tested by rt PCR, 3 (4%) were positive for HBV DNA (occult B infection); 2 of which were anti-HBc antibody positive (seropositive OBI) while 1 was anti-HBc antibody negative (seronegative OBI). Conclusion: Given the prevalence of OBI of 4% in this study and its consequences in blood recipients, it appears necessary that in addition to the classic serological markers of hepatitis B, to test for the presence of HBV DNA among blood donors in order to improve transfusion safety. Keywords: Prevalence, Occult B infection; Blood donors, Ouagadougou.   French title: Prévalence de l'infection occulte par le virus de l'hépatite B chez les donneurs de sang à Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Contexte: Au Burkina Faso, la polymérase chain réaction (PCR) n’est pas utilisée lors de la qualification biologique des dons et cela constitue un facteur de risque de transmission de l’Infection Occulte du virus B (VHB) lors des transfusions sanguines. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de l’infection occulte B chez les donneurs de sang en vue d’une meilleure sécurité transfusionnelle. Méthodologie: Une étude transversale prospective, réalisée d’avril à octobre 2020 dans la ville de Ouagadougou incluant 300 donneurs de sang AgHBs négatif. L’anticorps anti HBc a été déterminé par les tests rapides de marque BOSON®. L’ADN du VHB a été recherché chez 75 donneurs par PCR en temps réel (rt PCR) avec le 7500 Fast Real Time PCR. Résultats: Parmi les 300 donneurs AgHBs négatifs, 208 (69,3%) étaient des hommes et 92 (30,7%) des femmes. L’âge moyen était de 30,18 ans. La recherche de l’Ac anti-HBc était positive dans 39 cas (13 %). Parmi les 75 échantillons passés à la rt PCR, 3 (4%) étaient positifs pour l’ADN du VHB. Sur les 3 cas d’ADN VHB positifs, 2 (66,67%) étaient positifs Ac anti HBc et 1 (33,33%) Ac anti HBc négatif. Conclusion: Compte tenu de la prévalence de l’infection occulte B et ses conséquences chez les donneurs de sang et chez les receveurs, il devient nécessaire de rechercher, en plus des marqueurs sérologiques classiques de l’hépatite B, l’ADN VHB pour une meilleure sécurité transfusionnelle. Mots clés: Prévalence, Infection occulte de l’HBV, Donneurs de sang, Ouagadougou &nbsp

Évaluation des pratiques agricoles des légumes feuilles : le cas des utilisations des pesticides et des intrants chimiques sur les sites maraîchers de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Objectif : La présente étude vise à évaluer les pratiques phytosanitaires des maraîchers et à fournir une meilleure connaissance des risques liés aux pratiques de maraîchage, notamment l’utilisation des pesticides et intrants chimiques à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso.Méthodologie et résultats : Des enquêtes ont été réalisées du 10 mars au 08 Avril et du 18 Juillet au 06 Août 2016 auprès de 200 producteurs dans les sites de Tanghin et de Boulmiougou où se pratique une forte activité de production maraîchère. Les observations ont révélées une utilisation des pesticides non autorisés souvent destinés spécialement à d’autres cultures. L’étude a révélé une imprécision manifeste de concentration des insecticides avec une moyenne du nombre d’épandage de 9,5. En outre, 77,88% des maraîchers ont appliqué les insecticides de Profenofos sur Ipomaea batatas (Patate douce), Lambda Cyhalothrine sur Amaranthus hybridu (Amarante), Le Manèbe sur Cleome gynandra (Gynandro)et l’emanectin benzoate sur Hibiscus sabdariffa (Oseille) respectivement dans 67%, 55,5%, et 8,66% des cas d’utilisation détournée. Les résultats révèlent que la plupart des producteurs (96 % à Tanghin et 87 % à Boulmiougou) n’observent aucune mesure de protection lors des traitements phytosanitaires des cultures. En effet, 65 % des pesticides utilisés sont classés selon l’échelle de toxicité de l’OMS et 67,5 % de ses sont destinés au traitement du coton et non à des cultures maraichères.Conclusion et application : La gestion et l’utilisation très peu rigoureuses des pesticides constatés dans ces sites pourraient constituer une menace pour le maintien de la biodiversité et de la productivité des écosystèmes naturels et de la santé des producteurs et des consommateurs. Face à ce constat, le défi de la recherche serait la détermination du niveau actuel de contamination des légumes feuilles et des eaux du barrage et celui de l’État serait l’initiation de programmes de sensibilisation des producteurs par rapport à une gestion plus rigoureuse des pesticides.Mots-clés : pratiques paysannes, cultures maraîchères, pesticides, risques, Burkina Fas

Insights Into the Complexity of Yeast Extract Peptides and Their Utilization by Streptococcus thermophilus

Streptococcus thermophilus, an extensively used lactic starter, is generally produced in yeast extract-based media containing a complex mixture of peptides whose exact composition remains elusive. In this work, we aimed at investigating the peptide content of a commercial yeast extract (YE) and identifying dynamics of peptide utilization during the growth of the industrial S. thermophilus N4L strain, cultivated in 1 l bioreactors under pH-regulation. To reach that goal, we set up a complete analytical workflow based on mass spectrometry (peptidomics). About 4,600 different oligopeptides ranging from 6 to more than 30 amino acids in length were identified during the time-course of the experiment. Due to the low spectral abundance of individual peptides, we performed a clustering approach to decipher the rules of peptide utilization during fermentation. The physicochemical characteristics of consumed peptides perfectly matched the known affinities of the oligopeptide transport system of S. thermophilus. Moreover, by analyzing such a large number of peptides, we were able to establish that peptide net charge is the major factor for oligopeptide transport in S. thermophilus N4L

Knowledge, practices and beliefs of students regarding health effects of shisha use in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A cross‐sectional study

Background. The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Shisha use has recently been gaining increased popularity in many developed and developing countries. Objective. To determine the prevalence of shisha use among students in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and associated knowledge, smoking practices and beliefs about health effects. Method. A total of 443 students were selected for this cross-sectional study, using a stratified sampling method. Data on shisha use, knowledge about shisha, shisha smoking practices, and factors associated with use of shisha were collected via a questionnaire. The association between the independent variables and shisha use was assessed using a χ2 test (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine variables that were independently associated with shisha smoking. Results. Of the 421 respondents, 162 (38.5%) indicated that they had smoked shisha; 14.0% were regular smokers. We found that 183 students (43.5%) had poor knowledge about the health effects of shisha. The main reasons for shisha smoking were being in the company of friends who were users (57.4%), the pleasant flavour and fragrance of shisha (25.9%), and fashion (22.2%). Ninety-nine shisha smokers (61.1%) also consumed alcohol. Factors associated with shisha smoking included age <20 years (p<0.001), gender (p=0.034), and educational level of the respondent’s father (p=0.0001) and mother (p=0.0004). Conclusion. We found a relatively high prevalence of shisha smoking among the students, and that 43.5% of them had poor knowledge about its effects on health. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to shisha has become a public health priority

Influência de diferentes extratos de levedura (insumos) no crescimento celular de Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni cepa 101/ Influence of different yeast extracts (inputs) on the cell growth of Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni strain 101

Xantana é um heteropolissacarídeo produzido por bactérias do gênero Xanthomonas. Esse biopolímero desempenha diversas funções de grande importância para indústrias de variados setores. O processo de produção de xantana é realizado em duas etapas: crescimento celular e produção do biopolímero, e ambas são importantes para a obtenção de xantana com rendimento e qualidade satisfatórios, os quais são influenciados por diferentes fatores, dentre eles os meios de cultivo utilizados. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento bacteriano de Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni cepa 101 em meio de cultivo complexo YM adicionado de diferentes extratos de levedura, sendo um tradicional - controle (1) - e outros alternativos de menor custo - 560PW (2), 810PW (3), 845MG (4), 851MG (5), 861PW (6) - e relacionar com o teor de nitrogênio fornecido. Avaliou-se o crescimento celular (UFC.mL-1) e o teor de nitrogênio (mg.dL-1) nos tempos 24 h e em 0 e 24 h de crescimento celular, respectivamente. Não observou-se diferença estatística entre a concentração celular final obtida com extrato controle e os extratos alternativos. A concentração celular final variou entre 3,1 × 1010 a 5,2 × 1010 UFC.mL-1. O uso dos extratos de levedura 4, 6 e o controle resultaram em maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio no meio de cultivo no tempo inicial e ao final, e têm potencial para propiciar um maior crescimento celular. Observou-se aumento no teor de nitrogênio no tempo final, provavelmente devido à hidrólise celular parcial.  O teor inicial de nitrogênio variou de 9,11 a 12,04 e o final de 31,41 a 47,51 mg.dL-1, respectivamente. Os diferentes extratos de levedura avaliados são substitutos adequados para o crescimento celular da bactéria X. arboricola pv pruni cepa 101, e provavelmente para outras cepas da espécie, com resultados equivalentes ao obtido com o extrato controle

The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine: a mathematical modelling study

Background The R21/Matrix-M vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Using trial data, we aimed to estimate the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccine introduction across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We fitted a semi-mechanistic model of the relationship between anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres and vaccine efficacy to data from 3 years of follow-up in the phase 2b trial of R21/Matrix-M in Nanoro, Burkina Faso. We validated the model by comparing predicted vaccine efficacy to that observed over 12–18 months in the phase 3 trial. Integrating this framework within a mathematical transmission model, we estimated the cases, malaria deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted and cost-effectiveness over a 15-year time horizon across a range of transmission settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Cost-effectiveness was estimated incorporating the cost of vaccine introduction (dose, consumables, and delivery) relative to existing interventions at baseline. We report estimates at a median of 20% parasite prevalence in children aged 2–10 years (PfPR2–10) and ranges from 3% to 65% PfPR2–10. Findings Anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody titres were found to satisfy the criteria for a surrogate of protection for vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria. Age-based implementation of a four-dose regimen of R21/Matrix-M vaccine was estimated to avert 181 825 (range 38 815–333 491) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in perennial settings and 202 017 (29 868–405 702) clinical cases per 100 000 fully vaccinated children in seasonal settings. Similar estimates were obtained for seasonal or hybrid implementation. Under an assumed vaccine dose price of USD 3, the incremental cost per clinical case averted was USD 7 (range 4–48) in perennial settings and USD 6 (3–63) in seasonal settings and the incremental cost per DALY averted was USD 34 (29–139) in perennial settings and USD 30 (22–172) in seasonal settings, with lower cost-effectiveness ratios in settings with higher PfPR2–10. Interpretation Introduction of the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine could have a substantial public health benefit across sub-Saharan Africa. Funding The Wellcome Trust, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the UK Medical Research Council, the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership 2 and 3, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the Serum Institute of India, Open Philanthropy