The Logic Of The Pension System In Algeria

Many questions arise: retirement, a big business? How many retirees do we count? What is the average retirement income level? Dispersion of retirees’ income? Retirement is expensive, what does this mean? And also, many suggestions: « There’s not work for everybody and workers must retire earlier and earlier » « Seniors are becoming more numerous, this is why pension costs are getting more and more expensive » « Despite their high cost pensions are too low » The article presents an insight into the old age pension system in Algeria. There are three topic paragraphs: 1. Retirement: Definition and Characteristics of Evolution, 2. The Retirement System in Algeria, 3.challenges and new reform. There, the author’s goal was to present both past and present solutions employed by the Algerian pension system, in search for ideas worth consideration, in then end the author’s present the reform in the Algerian system.   Keywords: retirement system, funding, balance of the system, demographic data. الملخص : العديد من الأسئلة التي تطرح حول التقاعد .ايضا حول كم عدد المتقاعدين الذين يملوهم صدوق التقاعد . ما هو متوسط مستوى دخل التقاعد؟ كيف يتشتت دخل المتقاعدون؟ التقاعد مكلف، ماذا يعني هذا؟ . وأيضا، العديد من الاقتراحات «ليس هناك عمل للجميع ويجب أن يتقاعد العمال في وقت مبكر وأسبق» «أصبح عدد كبار السن أكثر عددا، وهذا هو السبب في أن تكاليف المعاشات التقاعدية تزداد وأكثر تكلفة» «على الرغم من معاشاتهم العالية التكلفة منخفضة جدا». تقدم المقالة نظرة ثاقبة على نظام المعاشات التقاعدية للشيخوخة في الجزائر. هناك ثلاث فقرات موضوعية كالآتي: التقاعد: تعريف وخصائص التطور، 2. نظام التقاعد في الجزائر، 3. والتحديات والإصلاحات الجديدة كان هدفنا هو طرح الحلول السابقة والحالية التي يستخدمها نظام التقاعد الجزائري، بحثا عن أفكار تستحق النظر، ثم في النهاية نعرض الإصلاحات في لنظام لتقاعد الجزائري. الكلمات الرئيسية: نظام التقاعد، والتمويل، وتوازن النظام، البيانات الديموغرافية

Putative link between Polo-like kinases (PLKs) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in transformed and primary human immune cells.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important sentinels of bacterial and viral infection and thus fulfil a critical sensory role in innate immunity. Polo-like kinases (PLKs), a five membered family of Ser/Thr protein kinases, have long been studied for their role in mitosis and thus represent attractive therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. Recently, PLKs were implicated in TLR signaling in mice but the role of PLKs in TLR signaling in untransformed primary immune cells has not been addressed, even though PLK inhibitors are in clinical trials. We here identified several phospho-serine and phospho-threonine residues in the known TLR pathway kinases, Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 2 and IRAK4. These sites lie in canonical polo-box motifs (PBM), sequence motifs known to direct recruitment of PLKs to client proteins. Interestingly, PLK1 was phosphorylated and PLK 2 and 3 mRNA induced upon TLR stimulation in primary immune cells, respectively. In whole blood, PLK inhibition disparately affected TLR mediated cytokine responses in a donor- and inhibitor-dependent fashion. Collectively, PLKs may thus potentially interface with TLR signaling in humans. We propose that temporary PLK inhibitor-mediated blockade of TLR-signaling in certain patients receiving such inhibitors during cancer treatment may cause adverse effects such as an increased risk of infections due to a then compromised ability of the TLR recognition system to sense and initiate cytokine responses to invading microbes

The FA women's super league : framing developments in elite women's football

In 2009, the Football Association (FA), the national governing body of football in England, announced its plan to introduce the country's first semi-professional women's elite league. Launched in 2010 as the FA Women's Super League (FA WSL), its introduction provided both an opportunity to research whether this evidenced a change of position for the women's elite game within footballing narratives and also to examine the place of the FA within these. This study adopted a critical sociological feminist approach to deconstruct the assumptions, values and practices that frame the female game and the introduction of the FA WSL, while providing new insights into the role of the sport's governing organisation in defining elite women's football. Through observations at matches and interviews with people working within the women's game, an examination of the development and introduction of the FA WSL was undertaken, with valuable early insights provided into the first three years of the new League. The study identified that the introduction of the FA WSL was impacted upon by the complex, closed and gendered nature of the FA's organisational structure. The new League adhered to traditional societal concepts of hegemonic masculinity, heteronormativity and liberal approaches to gender equality. The study also found that the new elite women's structures required the clubs who gained entry into the FA WSL to adhere to commercialised, spectacularised and commodified values which dominate the men's game and neo liberal societal narratives. The increased inclusion of females into elite football structures did not profoundly disrupt traditional discourses or provide evidence of a fundamental challenge to gender inequality in the game

Cell-selective labeling using amino acid precursors for proteomic studies of multicellular environments.

We report a technique to selectively and continuously label the proteomes of individual cell types in coculture, named cell type-specific labeling using amino acid precursors (CTAP). Through transgenic expression of exogenous amino acid biosynthesis enzymes, vertebrate cells overcome their dependence on supplemented essential amino acids and can be selectively labeled through metabolic incorporation of amino acids produced from heavy isotope-labeled precursors. When testing CTAP in several human and mouse cell lines, we could differentially label the proteomes of distinct cell populations in coculture and determine the relative expression of proteins by quantitative mass spectrometry. In addition, using CTAP we identified the cell of origin of extracellular proteins secreted from cells in coculture. We believe that this method, which allows linking of proteins to their cell source, will be useful in studies of cell-cell communication and potentially for discovery of biomarkers

Characterization of the E-coli proteome and its modifications during growth and ethanol stress

We set out to provide a resource to the microbiology community especially with respect to systems biology based endeavors. To this end, we generated a comprehensive dataset monitoring the changes in protein expression, copy number, and post translational modifications in a systematic fashion during growth and ethanol stress in E.coli. We utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with the Super-SILAC approach. In a single experiment, we have identified over 2,300 proteins, which represent approximately 88% of the estimated expressed proteome of E. coli and estimated protein copy numbers using the Intensity Based Absolute Quantitation (IBAQ). The dynamic range of protein expression spanned up to six orders of magnitude, with the highest protein copy per cell estimated at approximately 300,000. We focused on the proteome dynamics involved during stationary phase growth. A global up-regulation of proteins related to stress response was detected in later stages of growth. We observed the down-regulation of the methyl directed mismatch repair system containing MutS and MutL of E. coli growing in long term growth cultures, confirming that higher incidence of mutations presents an important mechanism in the increase in genetic diversity and stationary phase survival in E.coli. During ethanol stress, known markers such as alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase were induced, further validating the dataset. Finally, we performed unbiased protein modification detection and revealed changes of many known and unknown protein modifications in both experimental conditions