Rôle du facteur de transcription Srf au cours de l'atrophie du muscle squelettique et dans les cellules satellites

Le muscle squelettique adulte est un tissu possédant la capacité fondamentale d adapter sa taille à la demande fonctionnelle : il peut s atrophier ou s hypertrophier en réponse à une variation de la charge mécanique qui lui est appliquée. A l heure actuelle, les facteurs impliqués dans la plasticité musculaire demeurent méconnus. D une part, grâce à différents modèles d atrophie musculaire, nous démontrons que le facteur de transcription Srf joue le rôle de médiateur de la mécano-transduction par la voie actine/Mrtfs/Srf. L arrêt de l activité mécanique provoque une accumulation nucléaire d actine monomérique, une délocalisation de Mrtf-A, coactivateur de Srf, et une diminution de l activité de Srf, se traduisant notamment par une baisse de la transcription Srf-dépendante. Les gènes cibles de Srf comptant un grand nombre de protéines sarcomériques, telles que l a-actine squelettique, la réduction de leur expression pourrait participer à l atrophie musculaire. De plus, nos travaux suggèrent que la diminution de l activité de Srf pourrait influencer l organisation du réseau mitochondrial et le flux autophagique par des mécanismes qui restent à élucider. D autre part, en tirant parti d un modèle d invalidation conditionnelle et inductible de Srf dans les cellules satellites, nous montrons que le phénomène d hypertrophie compensatoire requiert l expression de Srf par les cellules satellites. L absence de Srf n altère ni la prolifération ni l entrée en différenciation des myoblastes, néanmoins elle provoque un défaut de fusion des myoblastes aux fibres au cours de l hypertrophie induite par surcharge. Ainsi, nos travaux démontrent que Srf est un acteur majeur de la plasticité musculaire, à la fois en tant que médiateur de la mécano-transduction par la voie actine/Mrtfs/Srf et par son implication dans la fusion des cellules satellites aux fibres musculaires, nécessaire à l hypertrophie compensatoire.Adult skeletal muscle is able to adapt its size to functional demand. It can undergo atrophy or hypertrophy according to mechanical load. To date, the molecules that mediate muscle plasticity remain unclear.Using different models inducing muscle atrophy, we show that the transcription factor Srf is a mediator of mechanotransduction through the actin/Mrtfs/Srf pathway. Mechanical load abolition leads to G-actin nuclear accumulation, delocalization of Mrtf-A, an Srf coactivator, and Srf activity downregulation. This results in a decrease in Srf-dependent transcription. Many Srf target genes encode sarcomeric proteins such as a-skeletal actin, thus a downregulation of Srf-dependent transcription could participate to muscle atrophy. In addition, our results suggest that Srf activity decrease could affect mitochondrial network organization and autophagic flux in a way that remains to be determined. Besides, using a satellite cell-specific conditional and inducible Srf knockout, we show that overload hypertrophy requires Srf expression by satellite cells. Myoblasts proliferation and early differentiation are not altered by Srf loss. However, mutant myoblasts are unable to fuse with myofibers during overload hypertrophy. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Srf is an important player in skeletal muscle plasticity: it is a mediator of mechanotransduction via the actin/Mrtfs/Srf pathway and its expression by satellite cells is required for myoblasts to fuse with myofibers during overload hypertrophy.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Antagonistic control of muscle cell size by AMPK and mTORC1.

7 pages (2640-2646)International audienceNutrition and physical activity have profound effects on skeletal muscle metabolism and growth. Regulation of muscle mass depends on a thin balance between growth-promoting and growth-suppressing factors. Over the past decade, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase has emerged as an essential factor for muscle growth by mediating the anabolic response to nutrients, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and resistance exercise. As opposed to the mTOR signaling pathway, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is switched on during starvation and endurance exercise to upregulate energy-conserving processes. Recent evidence indicates that mTORC1 (mTOR Complex 1) and AMPK represent two antagonistic forces governing muscle adaption to nutrition, starvation and growth stimulation. Animal knockout models with impaired mTORC1 signaling showed decreased muscle mass correlated with increased AMPK activation. Interestingly, AMPK inhibition in p70S6K-deficient muscle cells restores cell growth and sensitivity to nutrients. Conversely, muscle cells lacking AMPK have increased mTORC1 activation with increased cell size and protein synthesis rate. We also demonstrated that the hypertrophic action of MyrAkt is enhanced in AMPK-deficient muscle, indicating that AMPK acts as a negative feedback control to restrain muscle hypertrophy. Our recent results extend this notion by showing that AMPKα1, but not AMPKα2, regulates muscle cell size through the control of mTORC1 signaling. These results reveal the diverse functions of the two catalytic isoforms of AMPK, with AMPKα1 playing a predominant role in the control of muscle cell size and AMPKα2 mediating muscle metabolic adaptation. Thus, the crosstalk between AMPK and mTORC1 signaling is a highly regulated way to control changes in muscle growth and metabolic rate imposed by external cues

The nature and intensity of mechanical stimulation drive different dynamics of MRTF-A nuclear redistribution after actin remodeling in myoblasts.

Serum response factor and its cofactor myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) are key elements of muscle-mass adaptation to workload. The transcription of target genes is activated when MRTF is present in the nucleus. The localization of MRTF is controlled by its binding to G-actin. Thus, the pathway can be mechanically activated through the mechanosensitivity of the actin cytoskeleton. The pathway has been widely investigated from a biochemical point of view, but its mechanical activation and the timescales involved are poorly understood. Here, we applied local and global mechanical cues to myoblasts through two custom-built set-ups, magnetic tweezers and stretchable substrates. Both induced nuclear accumulation of MRTF-A. However, the dynamics of the response varied with the nature and level of mechanical stimulation and correlated with the polymerization of different actin sub-structures. Local repeated force induced local actin polymerization and nuclear accumulation of MRTF-A by 30 minutes, whereas a global static strain induced both rapid (minutes) transient nuclear accumulation, associated with the polymerization of an actin cap above the nucleus, and long-term accumulation, with a global increase in polymerized actin. Conversely, high strain induced actin depolymerization at intermediate times, associated with cytoplasmic MRTF accumulation

Vitamin D, muscle recovery, sarcopenia, cachexia, and muscle atrophy

The relevance of vitamin D to skeletal muscle metabolism has been highlighted in recent years. The interest arises from the important findings of studies demonstrating multiple effects of vitamin D on this tissue, which can be divided into genomic (direct effects) and non-genomic effects (indirect effects). Another important aspect to be considered in the study of vitamin D and muscle fiber metabolism is related to different expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), which varies in muscle tissue depending on age, sex, and pathology. The correlation between low circulating levels of vitamin D and muscle metabolism disorders is documented in various contexts, including muscle recovery, atrophy, sarcopenia, and cachexia. The aim of this review was to analyze recent results of both in vitro and in vivo studies to address the relationship between vitamin D and skeletal muscle biology. The words muscle atrophy, muscle hypertrophy, sarcopenia, and cachexia were crossed over with vitamin D in a Pubmed search. All original contributions, along with reviews on the topic, were included, and no publications in the past 10 y were discarded. The papers retrieved different topics such as vitamin D in skeletal muscle; vitamin D in circulation; vitamin D, sarcopenia, and muscle atrophy; vitamin D and cachexia; and vitamin D and muscle recovery

Performance & metabolism in mice: SRF knockout and wild-type mice similarly adapt to endurance exercise

Introduction: Physical exercise has important effects as second- ary prevention or intervention against several diseases. Endurance exercise induces local and global effects, resulting in skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic activity and an ameliorated muscle performance, and prevents muscle loss. Serum response factor (Srf) is a transcription factor of pivotal importance for muscle tis- sues and animal models of Srf genetic deletion/over-expression are widely used to study Srf role in muscle homeostasis, physiol- ogy and pathology. A global characterisation of exercise adapta- tion in the absence of Srf has not been reported. Methods: We measured body composition, muscle force, running speed, energy expenditure and metabolism in WT and inducible skeletal muscle-specific Srf KO mice, follow- ing three weeks of voluntary exercise by wheel running. Results: We found a major improvement in the aerobic ca- pacity and muscle function in WT mice following exercise, as expected, and no major differences were observed in Srf KO mice as compared to WT mice, following exercise. Conclusion: Taken together, these observations suggest that Srf is not required for an early (within 3 weeks) adaptation to spontaneous exercise and that Srf KO mice behave similarly to the WT in terms of spontaneous physical activity and the resulting adaptive responses. Therefore, Srf KO mice can be used in functional muscle studies, without the results being biased by the lack of Srf

Srf KO and wild-type mice similarly adapt to endurance exercise

Physical exercise has important effects as secondary prevention or intervention against several diseases. Endurance exercise induces local and global effects, resulting in skeletal muscle adaptations to aerobic activity and contributes to an amelioration of muscle performance. Furthermore, it prevents muscle loss. Serum response factor (Srf) is a transcriptionfactor of pivotal importance for muscle tissues and animal models of Srf genetic deletion/over-expression are widely used to study Srf role in musclehomeostasis, physiology and pathology. A global characterisation of exercise adaptation in the absence of Srf has not been reported. We measured body composition, muscle force, running speed, energy expenditure and metabolism in WT and inducible skeletal muscle-specific Srf KO mice, following three weeks of voluntary exercise by wheel running. We found a major improvement in the aerobic capacity and muscle function in WT mice following exercise, as expected, and no major differences were observed in Srf KOmice as compared to WT mice, following exercise. Taken together, these observations suggest that Srf is not required for an early (within 3 weeks) adaptation to spontaneous exercise and that Srf KO mice behave similarly to the WT in terms of spontaneous physical activity and the resulting adaptive responses. Therefore, Srf KO mice can be used in functional muscle studies, without the results being affected by the lack of Srf. Since lack of Srf induces premature sarcopenia, our observations suggest that themodifications due to the absence of Srf take time to occur and that young, Srf KO mice behave similarly to WT in aerobic physical activities