Segregation in the urban space of Soacha Transmilenio as an integrating tool?

La movilidad cotidiana es un factor que puede dificultar aún más el acceso de la población menos favorecida a las actividades diarias, principalmente trabajo y estudio. La investigación se realiza a partir del estudio de caso de fronteras sociourbanas en áreas residenciales populares metropolitanas para entender los factores de segregación y exclusión que se dan en estos territorios. Se realizó un análisis de la situación y la relación que tiene la movilidad cotidiana con la segregación socioespacial, tomando el municipio de Soacha en Cundinamarca, conformado por población de bajos ingresos y que se encuentra conurbado con la capital del país. El estudio se efectuó a partir de encuestas a los residentes del Macroproyecto Ciudad Verde (Soacha) y entrevistas a los actores clave del proyecto (administradores de los conjuntos residenciales). En una primera etapa se realizaron encuestas para conocer la forma en que los residentes de Ciudad Verde se desplazaban diariamente antes de la implementación de la extensión hasta Soacha de Transmilenio; en una segunda etapa se preguntó si los desplazamientos diarios habían mejorado con la entrada en funcionamiento del Transmilenio hasta Soacha, con el fin de indagar hasta qué punto este sistema ha servido como una herramienta integradoraDaily mobility is a factor that can further hinder the access of disadvantaged populations to daily activities, mainly work and study. Research is conducted from case study in sociourban borders metropolitan popular residential areas to understand the factors of segregation and exclusion that occur in these territories. An analysis of the situation and the relationship of the daily mobility with the socio-spatial segregation was conducted, taking Soacha’s town in Cundinamarca, made up of low-income population and is conurbation with the capital. The study was conducted from surveys to residents of Green City’s macro-project (Soacha) and interviews with key project stakeholders (administrators of residential complexes). In a first stage, surveys were conducted to know how that Green City residents moved daily before the implementation of the extension of Transmilenio to Soacha; in a second stage, there was the matter of seeing if commuting had improved with the entry into operation of Transmilenio to Soacha, in order to investigate to what extent this system has served as an integrating too

TSA upregulates IEX-1 in RA-SFs.

<p>SFs from 5 RA patients were stimulated with TSA (1 μg/ml) or vehicle for 24 h, and IEX-1 was measured by quantitative RT-PCR (left) and western blotting (right).</p

IEX-1 promotes TSA- and Fas-induced apoptosis in RA-SFs.

<p>IEX-1 was knocked down in RA-SFs using siRNA, and the cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with TSA (1 μM) and/or anti-Fas mAb (500 ng/ml) for 18 h. (A) Viable cells were quantified with a WST-8 assay. Results are expressed as O.D. The means ± SD are shown for 5 experiments with different RA-SFs. Statistical significance was analyzed by a paired Student’s <i>t-</i>test. (B) Apoptosis was measured with a Cell Death Detection ELISA; results shown are representative of 3 experiments. (C) FACS analysis of annexin V–positive cells. Data shown are representative of 3 experiments with similar results.</p

IEX-1 is upregulated by certain HDAC inhibitors.

<p>RA-SFs were stimulated with the HDAC inhibitors TSA (HDACs1-10), CI994 (HDAC1), romidepsin (HDAC1, 2), RGFP966 (HDAC3), tubastatin (HDAC6), or PCI-34051 (HDAC8) for 24 h at the indicated doses, and the IEX-1 expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The means ± SD are shown from 4 experiments from different patients. ANOVA was applied and followed by Tukey Method; *P<0.05, **P<0.01.</p

IEX-1 is also induced in OA-SF and affects its cytokine and chemokine production.

<p>(A) OA-SFs were stimulated with the indicated doses of TSA, TNFα, or IL-1β for 24 h. IEX-1 mRNA levels were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The means ± SD are shown for 5 experiments with different OA-SFs. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey Method; *P<0.05. (B) IEX-1 was knocked down in OA-SF samples using siRNA, after which the cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 16 h. Cytokine and chemokine mRNAs were measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and the results were expressed as a ratio to the G3PD mRNA. The CXCL-10 and CCL-5 results were expressed as the fold-change compared to LPS-stimulated, scrambled siRNA–transfected cells. The means ± SD are shown for 4 experiments with different OA-SFs. Statistical significance was determined by a paired Student’s <i>t-</i>test.</p

IEX-1 promotes TSA- and Fas-induced apoptosis in RA-SFs.

<p>IEX-1 was knocked down in RA-SFs using siRNA, and the cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with TSA (1 μM) and/or anti-Fas mAb (500 ng/ml) for 18 h. (A) Viable cells were quantified with a WST-8 assay. Results are expressed as O.D. The means ± SD are shown for 5 experiments with different RA-SFs. Statistical significance was analyzed by a paired Student’s <i>t-</i>test. (B) Apoptosis was measured with a Cell Death Detection ELISA; results shown are representative of 3 experiments. (C) FACS analysis of annexin V–positive cells. Data shown are representative of 3 experiments with similar results.</p

TNFα and IL-1β induce IEX-1 in RA-SFs.

<p>RA-SFs were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) or the indicated doses of PDGF, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-17, or IL-6 and IL-6R for 24 h. IEX-1 mRNA levels were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The means ± SD are shown for 3–4 experiments with different RA-SFs. ANOVA was applied (ANOVA) was applied and followed by either Tukey Method or MannWhitney test for IL-1β; *P<0.05.</p

IEX-1 is expressed in RA-SFs.

<p>SFs from 6 OA and 8 RA patients were grown in vitro. (A) IEX-1 mRNA was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of the IEX-1 expression in RA and OA synovium; data shown are representative of three RA and two OA patients.</p