Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Efficacy of Strychnos Potatorum (Nirmali) Seeds Extract in High Fat Diet Fed- Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial, multisystemic chronic endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient insulin secretion in association with insulin resistance. Strychnos potatorum Linn. seeds have been used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various non communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we have evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant property of Strychnos potatorum seeds extract in type 2 diabetic rats. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes auto-oxidation of glucose to generate excessive free radicals which result in the development of both macro- and microvascular complications.Design: S. potatorum seeds were delipidated and the ethanolic extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. The total phenolic, flavonoid, carbohydrate and protein contents were estimated. High fat fed and -Low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats were orally treated with S. potatorum seeds extract (500mg/kg b.w./rat/day) for 30 days. The levels of important biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxides, hydroperoxides and protein carbonyls were determined in plasma and vital tissues. The levels of both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants were also evaluated.Results: Diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobulin. The oxidative stress markers were significantly increased and levels of both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants were declined. Oral treatment of S. potatorum seeds extract results in the maintenance of normoglycemia by decreasing the levels of oxidative stress markers and improved the status of antioxidants in diabetic rats.Conclusions: S. potatorum seeds possess significant antidiabetic properties which may partially responsible for its antioxidant properties

Palmyra Palm (Borassus Flabellifer Linn) - A Celestial Tree

Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer Linn.), commonly known as “Palm tree”, belongs to the family Arecaceae. The life span of the tree is more than 120 years and the tree is considered as the nature’s perennial gift due to its immense use to mankind. The Tamil literature describes palm tree as a “celestial tree” with more than 800 uses. Each part of the tree possesses a unique use. It is one of the trees which are used completely for various needs such as housing, medicine, shade and food. A thorough literature survey for more than 75 years necessitate the need to prepare this review on Palmyra palm tree to provide information on the historical, religious, pharmacological and beneficial role of each part of the tree with substantial literature evidence. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v14.i4.580

Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Various reports have shown that chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and that sub-clinical inflammation contributes to insulin resistance and is linked to the characteristics of metabolic syndrome which primarily include chronic hyperglycemia. Oxidative stress stimulates the generation of inflammatory mediators and inflammation which in turn enhances the production of reactive oxygen species. The interaction between chronic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and the factors promoting prevalence of diabetes mellitus, with particular focus on type 2 diabetes and its secondary complications are the main motivation for the compilation of this article. Phytochemicals, the secondary metabolites produced by the plants, are reported to have both significant beneficial and pharmacological properties in alleviating most of the human ailments especially diabetes mellitus. Herbal medicines are often preferred for the treatment of human ailments because of their availability, accessibility, affordability and non-toxicity. Based on our previous studies on the pharmacological and beneficial properties of various medicinal plants, phytochemicals and the mineral contents, the present article adjudicates the essential role of herbal medicines in the treatment of diabetes and its secondary complications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v14.i4.591

SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF A ZINC MIXED LIGAND COMPLEX IN HIGH-FAT DIET - LOW-DOSE STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Due to the multifactorial and multisystemic nature of diabetes mellitus (DM), it is often treated with a combination of therapeutic agents. Earlier, we have synthesized and characterized several organozinc complexes and evaluated their safety and antidiabetic properties in experimental DM. In the present study, a new zinc mixed ligand (metformin-3-hydroxyflavone) was synthesized and characterized by various spectral studies and its antidiabetic properties were evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD) fed – low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 2 D (T2D) in rats.Methods: The zinc mixed ligand complex was characterized by spectral studies. The toxicity and dosage fixation studies were carried out as per OECD guidelines 423. HFD fed low-dose STZ-induced T2DM in rats was used as the experimental model. The hypoglycemic efficacy of the complex was evaluated through oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), QUICK I and by determining the status of important biochemical parameters. The activities of marker enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were assayed. Metformin was used as a standard drug.Results: The spectral data evidenced the synthesis of a new zinc mixed ligand complex. The biochemical studies evidenced that the oral administration of the complex at a concentration of 10 mg/kg b.w/rat/day for 30 days to diabetic rats significantly improved the glucose homeostasis which was comparable to metformin treatment (50 mg/kg b.w).Conclusion: The zinc mixed complex possesses significant antidiabetic properties in ameliorating IR and stimulatory properties

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Biochemical Evaluation of Antidiabetic Properties of a New Zinc-Diosmin Complex Studied in High Fat Diet Fed-Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

In view of the established antidiabetic properties of zinc, the present study was aimed at evaluating the hypoglycemic properties of a new zinc-diosmin complex in high fat diet fed-low dose streptozotocin induced experimental type 2 diabetes in rats. Zincdiosmin complex was synthesized and characterized by various spectral studies. The complexation between zinc ions and diosmin was further evidenced by pH-potentiometric titrations and Job's plot. Diabetic rats were orally treated with zinc-diosmin complex at a concentration of 20 mg/kg b.w./rat/day for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, HOMA-IR and various biochemical parameters related to glucose homeostasis were analyzed. Treatment with zinc-diosmin complex significantly improved the glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. Treatment with zinc-diosmin complex significantly improved insulin sensitivity, at least in part, through enhancing protein metabolism and alteration in the levels of muscle and liver glycogen. The assay of clinical marker enzymes revealed the nontoxic nature of the complex. Determination of renal tissue markers such as blood urea and serum creatinine indicates the renoprotective nature of the complex. These findings suggest that zinc-diosmin complex is nontoxic and has complimentary potential to develop as an antihyperglycemic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF IMMATURE PALMYRA PALM (BORASSUS FLABELLIFER LINN.) FRUITS

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant properties of immature Palmyra palm fruits which have been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes. The qualitative phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoids contents in the ethanolic extract were performed to substantiate the antioxidant and medicinal claims.Methods: Immature palmyra palm fruits were collected, authenticated, dried and powdered in an electrical grinder. The powdered fruits were delipidated in petroleum ether and soxhilation using ethanol to extract the active ingredients. Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were carried out by established methods. The in vitro antioxidant potentials were performed by diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, nitric oxide and superoxide anion scavenging assays.Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, phytosterols, triterpenoids and phenols in the immature palmyra palm fruits extract. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the fruits extract was found to be 104.00±0.02 μg gallic acid equivalents/100 mg of fruits extract and 98.45±0.03 μg quercetin equivalents/100 mg, respectively. The percentage inhibition of DPPH radicals range from 35 to 70% at a concentration ranges from 200-1000μg/ml. Similarly, the percentage of inhibition of ABTS radicals was found to be in the range of 40 to 75.5%. The nitric oxide scavenging activity of the fruits extract ranges from 45 to 76% whereas the superoxide radical scavenging activity ranges from 43 to 83%.Conclusion: The observed significant free radical scavenging activity along with increased total phenolic as well as flavonoid contents suggest that the immature fruits may be considered as a potential source for the identification of pharmacologically active phytochemicals capable of controlling oxidative stress

Sinapic Acid Regulates Glucose Homeostasis by Modulating the Activities of Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes in High Fat Diet Fed-Low Dose STZ Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder arises due to absolute lack of insulin secretion (T1DM) or its action or both (T2DM). Alterations in glucose metabolism in DM are frequently accompanied by impairment in the activities of enzymes that regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Liver is a vital organ that acts as primary site of endogenous glucose production through gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis. The enzymes that control glucose metabolism in the liver tissue are considered as potential targets for the maintenance of normal glycemic control in diabetic individuals. Search for new drugs with more efficacies and without side effects preferably from plant origin continues. Sinapic acid is one such phytochemical which lacks scientific validation for its folklore use. It is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid belongs to phenylpropanoid family. It is widely distributed in the various sources such as rye, mustard, berries and vegetables In the present study it was aimed to systematically study the efficacy of sinapic acid (25mg/kg.b.w./rat for 30 days) in the regulation of glucose homeostasis modulating the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in hepatic tissues of high fat diet fed-low dose STZ induced experimental type 2 diabetes in rats. The altered activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes such as glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase in hepatic tissues of diabetic rats were significantly reverted to near normalcy upon oral treatment with sinapic acid. In addition, oral administration of sinapic acid to experimental diabetic groups of rats showed significant reduction in the levels of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin and increased level of plasma insulin and hemoglobin. Thus, the present data demonstrated that the oral administration of sinapic acid to diabetic rats regulates glucose homeostasis by regulating the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes

Design, synthesis and spectral characterization of a new Zinc – Avicularin, a metal flavonol complex and evaluation of its toxicity and antidiabetic efficacy in High Fat Diet Fed - Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

Objectives: Zinc is an essential trace element with prominent roles in the structural and functional aspects of insulin. Several reports are available on the development of zinc complexes with various ligands to reduce the toxicity of zinc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to synthesize zinc-avicularin complex and it was subjected to spectral characterization and systematic antidiabetic properties. Design: The zinc-avicularin complex was synthesized by molar ratio method and characterized by spectral studies such as FT-IR, mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies were carried out as per OCED guidelines. HFD fed -low dose streptozotocin induced experimental type 2 diabetes was chosen as the animal model. The oral glucose tolerance test performed in the control and experimental groups of rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma insulin and urine sugar, protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine were determined by established methods. The activities of serum AST, ALT and ALP were assayed. Results: The spectral studies provide evidence for the complexation between zinc ions with avicularin. Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies revealed the non toxic nature of the complex and the optimum dose as 5 mg/kg b.w./rat/day orally for 30 days. The biochemical alterations observed in the experimental diabetic rats were reverted to the physiological range after treatment with zinc-avicularin complex as well as metforminConclusion: The newly synthesized and characterized zinc-avicularin complex is non toxic and elicits significant antihyperglycemic activity which in turn may be due to the insulin stimulatory and/or insulin mimetic activity