37 research outputs found
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. Low-wage employees in EU countries. 2000.11
Child-related career interruptions and the gender wage gap in France
In this paper, we investigate the extent of the effects of children and child-related time out of the labor market on the gender wage gap in France, with special attention to its impact on the accumulation and composition of human capital. Measuring this impact requires detailed information on the individualsâ activity history that is rarely available. The French survey "Families and Employers" (Ined, 2005) provides this information. We first look at men's and women's wage determinants, including the penalties associated with unemployment and time out of the labor market. We find that having controlled for the jobs' characteristics and selection into employment, there is a penalty attached to child-related time out of the labor market, which affects only women. We do not find any direct negative impact of children on women's current hourly wage at the mean. Then for a sub-sample of men and women aged from 39 to 49, we use a decomposition of the gender wage gap into an "interruption" wage gap between women and a gender wage gap between women who have never taken child-related time out and men; we find that the wage gap between men and women who have never interrupted their participation in the labor force is essentially "unexplained", while the wage gap between women who have had child-related interruptions and women who have not is essentially "explained".Wages, Human capital, Children, Family pay gap, Statistical discrimination, Wage gap decomposition
Can the Gender Wage Go Further Down?
In 2002 in France, the differential between the average monthly wage of women and men was 25.3%, hardly one point of percentage less than in 1990, and the components of the gap have remained steady: for any given year, 75% of the wage differential results from differences in jobs structures, and firstly the difference in working hours. The persistence of the gap and its enduring composition can be considered as surprising: women have now on average a higher level of education than men, and the law prohibits discrimination and promotes professional equality. Furthermore, during the period studied, a reform of the French child-raising allowance (APE) and the reform of the 35-hours could well have impacted on the wage differential. However trends or reforms seem to have had very little effect on the differences in jobs, positions, sectors and working hours, which are the principal source of the gender wage differential and the main reason for its persistence.Wages, Gender Wage Gaps, Decomposition Method
Bajos salarios y trabajadores pobres: una comparaciĂłn entre Francia y Estados Unidos.
In the USA the share of low-wage earners in the labour force is twice as high as in France, although it has remained relatively constant on the other side of the Atlantic in recent years, whereas it has risen in France. The characteristics of the workers affected in the two countries are comparable: women, young people and the low-skilled are more than proportionately affected, groups that are also more frequently encountered in part-time jobs. Low-wage earners have a higher risk of living in a low-income household than the average for wage and salary earners. In the USA poor people of working age are more likely to be employed than is the case in France. In both countries there is clearly a link between the poverty risk and the annual number of hours worked. However, in France the working poor are more likely to be confronted with the problem of inadequate weekly working hours, whereas the same phenomenon in the USA is clearly due to the low level of minimum wages.En Estados Unidos la parte de asalariados con bajos salarios en el conjunto de la mano de obra es dos veces superior que en Francia; aunque ha permanecido relativamente constante en el otro lado del AtlĂĄntico, mientras crecĂa en Francia. Las caracterĂsticas de los trabajadores afectados en ambos paĂses son comparables: las mujeres, los jĂłvenes y los menos cualificados se ven mĂĄs que proporcionalmente afectados; son grupos que tambiĂ©n se encuentran con mayor frecuencia entre los trabajos a tiempo parcial. Los asalariados con bajos salarios tiene un riesgo mayor que la media de los asalariados de vivir en un hogar de baja renta. En Estados Unidos los pobres en edad de trabajar tiene mayor probabilidad de ser empleados que en el caso francĂ©s. En ambos paĂses hay un vĂnculo claro entre el riesgo de pobreza y el nĂșmero anual de horas prestadas. Sin embargo, en Francia los trabajadores activos pobres son mĂĄs susceptibles de tener que enfrentarse con el problema de horarios de trabajo semanal inadecuados, mientras que el mismo fenĂłmeno en los Estados Unidos se debe claramente al bajo nivel del salario mĂnimo
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. Low-wage employees in EU countries. 2000.11
Smoking, genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases and biological indices of inflammation and cellular adhesion in the STANISLAS study
A recent clinical study has focused on: 1- the interaction between genetic variants of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1) and smoking on the risk of cardiovascular diseases, 2- the potential capacity of GSTM1 and T1 genotypes in modifying the effect of smoking on inflammation and endothelial function. In this study, we investigated whether carriage of these 2 polymorphisms altered the smoking impact on biological indices of inflammation and cellular adhesion. White blood cell count (WBC), albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), L-selectin, E-selectin, P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured in 189 non-smokers and 76 smokers (aged 20-55 years) genotyped for the GSTM1 and T1 polymorphisms. Accounting for age and sex, smokers lacking GSTM1 had a higher WBC count, CRP and ICAM-1 levels as compared to the other groups; interaction term between smoking and genotype being significant (p=0.05). Conversely, non-smokers lacking GSTM1 had a higher levels of TNF-a; the test for interaction being significant (p=0.05). No significant interaction was found between smoking and GSTT1 genotypes, considering the 9 biological indices. However, significantly lower levels of IL-6 were noticed for non-smokers with GSTT1-0 null allele (p=0.05). Our study confirms previous results showing that GSTM1 polymorphism could modulate the interrelationships between smoking and biological markers of inflammation and endothelial function
Introduction. Les enquĂȘtes Emploi du temps : une source majeure pour l'Ă©tude des inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales et de genre
Le dossier que propose ce numĂ©ro dâĂconomie et Statistique rĂ©unit huit articles mobilisant les donnĂ©es de lâenquĂȘte Emploi du temps 2010 (EDT2010), collectĂ©e entre septembre 2009 et septembre 2010. Cette enquĂȘte est la cinquiĂšme dâune sĂ©rie rĂ©alisĂ©e depuis les annĂ©es 1970 par lâInsee Ă un rythme Ă peu prĂšs dĂ©cennal ; son Ă©laboration a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© de nombreuses collaborations scientifiques et de contributions financiĂšres du MinistĂšre du Travail (Dares), du MinistĂšre de lâĂducation nationale (Depp), du MinistĂšre des Affaires sociales (Drees), ainsi que de la Cnaf.
Les enquĂȘtes Emploi du temps dĂ©crivent de façon prĂ©cise lâusage que les individus font de leur temps, renseignant non seulement sur les activitĂ©s effectuĂ©es, mais aussi leur durĂ©e, le moment et le contexte de leur dĂ©roulement. De telles enquĂȘtes sont conduites depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies dans de nombreux pays. Leur mĂ©thodologie est dĂ©sormais largement commune, hĂ©ritĂ©e des travaux impulsĂ©s dans les annĂ©es 1960 par Alexander Szalai. Ces travaux, prĂ©sentĂ©s dans lâouvrage The Use of Time (Szalai, 1972), proposaient notamment un codage des activitĂ©s et des Ă©tudes empiriques comparatives basĂ©es sur les donnĂ©es collectĂ©es dans une douzaine de pays (dont la France). Ils ont eu une influence considĂ©rable sur la mĂ©thodologie des enquĂȘtes et sur le dĂ©veloppement de la recherche sur les usages du temps. Câest dans cette lignĂ©e que sâest dĂ©veloppĂ©, dans les annĂ©es 1980 sous la houlette de Jonathan Gershuny, le Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS), une base internationale de donnĂ©es harmonisĂ©es qui rassemble maintenant une soixante dâenquĂȘtes menĂ©es dans 25 pays, et quâa pris naissance lâInternational Association for Time Use Research (IATUR). Les recherches menĂ©es dans ce cadre international et pluridisciplinaire ont servi dâappui aux efforts dâharmonisation entrepris Ă partir de la fin des annĂ©es 1990 pour la collecte des enquĂȘtes europĂ©ennes dans le projet Hetus (Harmonised European Time Use Study) . Les recommandations issues de ce cadre (Eurostat, 2008) ont Ă©tĂ© mises en oeuvre dans lâEDT2010.Ponthieux Sophie. Introduction. Les enquĂȘtes Emploi du temps : une source majeure pour l'Ă©tude des inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales et de genre. In: Economie et statistique, n°478-480, 2015. pp. 59-77
LâinĂ©galitĂ© des revenus dâactivitĂ© et les niveaux de vie des femmes et des hommes - Une comparaison entre cinq pays de lâUnion europĂ©enne
Ă la fin des annĂ©es 2000, les femmes demeurent moins souvent actives que les hommes, celles qui sont en emploi travaillent plus souvent Ă temps partiel, et celles qui travaillent Ă temps complet ont en moyenne des salaires plus bas. Il en rĂ©sulte une forte inĂ©galitĂ© des revenus dâactivitĂ© entre les femmes et les hommes qui nâest pas reflĂ©tĂ©e par les niveaux de vie. Lâarticle analyse les facteurs de lâĂ©cart des revenus annuels dâactivitĂ© entre les femmes et les hommes dâĂąge actif vivant seul(e) s ou en couple, puis la sĂ©quence qui va de leurs revenus dâactivitĂ© Ă leurs niveaux de vie. Cinq pays de lâUnion EuropĂ©enne sont comparĂ©s Ă partir des donnĂ©es europĂ©ennes EU-Silc : lâAllemagne, la France, lâItalie, la SuĂšde et le Royaume-Uni. Dans ces cinq pays, lâinĂ©galitĂ© Ă©conomique entre les femmes et les hommes est considĂ©rable : lâĂ©cart des revenus dâactivitĂ© va dâun minimum dâenviron 27 % en SuĂšde Ă prĂšs de 50 % en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni. Lâanalyse de ces Ă©carts par une dĂ©composition comptable montre que la contribution des trois principaux facteurs dâinĂ©galitĂ© Ă©conomique entre les femmes et les hommes â inactivitĂ©, travail Ă temps partiel et Ă©cart des salaires dans lâemploi Ă temps complet â est trĂšs variable dâun pays Ă lâautre. Les Ă©carts de niveaux de vie sont trĂšs infĂ©rieurs Ă ceux des revenus dâactivitĂ© : quasi-inexistant en SuĂšde, lâĂ©cart culmine Ă 9 % au Royaume-Uni. Un examen par Ă©tapes de la sĂ©quence allant des revenus dâactivitĂ© au niveau de vie permet de mettre en Ă©vidence lâeffet asymĂ©trique, pour les femmes et pour les hommes, des hypothĂšses de mise en commun des revenus et de partage Ă©gal au sein des mĂ©nages, qui rĂ©sulte en une quasi Ă©galitĂ© des niveaux de vie. Lâarticle conclut par une brĂšve discussion des enjeux de la mesure dâinĂ©galitĂ© entre les femmes et les hommes.Ponthieux Sophie. LâinĂ©galitĂ© des revenus dâactivitĂ© et les niveaux de vie des femmes et des hommes - Une comparaison entre cinq pays de lâUnion europĂ©enne . In: Economie et statistique, n°469-470, 2014. pp. 85-119