The UNESCO-IOC framework – establishing an international early warning infrastructure in the Indian Ocean region

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake with a magnitude of 9.3, and the subsequent destructive tsunami which caused more than 225 000 fatalities in the region of the Indian Ocean, happened on 26 December 2004. Less than one month later, the United Nations (UN) World Conference on Disaster Reduction took place in Kobe, Japan to commemorate the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The importance of preparedness and awareness on regional, national and community levels with respect to natural disasters was discussed during this meeting, and resulted in the approval of the Hyogo Declaration on Disaster Reduction. Based on this declaration the UN mandated the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO (United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization), taking note of its over 40 years of successful coordination of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWC), to take on the international coordination of national early-warning efforts for the Indian Ocean and to guide the process of setting up a Regional Tsunami Early Warning System for the Indian Ocean

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI NEGERI AMAHAI

Mangrove forest is a very productive and beneficial ecosystem. Mangrove forest resources in Amahai Village will be increasingly exploited along with the increasing population and economic pressure. The aim of this research is to identify the forms of use by the community in the mangrove area, and to recommend mangrove ecosystem management strategies in Amahai Village. This research was conducted in the mangrove forest area of ​​Amahai Village, Central Maluku Regency from September to November 2018. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling technique of 36 respondents. The analytical method used is data analysis of descriptive qualitative to identify forms of utilization by the community. SWOT analysis is used to analyze the management strategies of mangrove ecosystem on Amahai Village by identifying internal strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities external threats. The results obtained five forms of utilization carried out in the mangrove area of ​​Amahai Village, those are fishing, collecting sea cucumbers, gleaning shellfish (bameti), tourism (recreation), and research. There are eight management strategies produced, namely 1) implementing government policies to maintain the potential of mangrove ecosystem resources in order to meet community needs and regional income; 2) utilizing the potential of mangrove ecosystem resources for ecotourism activities and support science and technology; 3) revitalization of customary institutions as an effort to manage mangrove ecosystem areas; 4) organizing resource processing activities in the mangrove ecosystem to meet nutritional needs and increase community income; 5) development of mangrove areas with an environmental insight; 6) improving MCS (Monitoring, Controling and Surveillance); 7) improving coordination among stakeholders; and 8) increasing community knowledge and awareness about the function of mangrove ecosystems and the skills of the communities around the mangrove area.   ABSTRAK Hutan mangrove merupakan suatu ekosistem yang sangat produktif dan memberikan manfaat. Sumberdaya hutan mangrove di Negeri Amahai akan semakin tereksploitasi seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan desakan ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk pemanfaatan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat di kawasan mangrove, serta merekomendasikan strategi pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove di Negeri Amahai. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan hutan mangrove Negeri Amahai, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah pada bulan September hingga November 2018. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling terhadap responden sebanyak 36 orang. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis data deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk pemanfaatan yang dilakukan masyarakat. Analisa SWOT digunakan untuk menganalisis strategi pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove Negeri Amahai dengan mengideintifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan internal serta peluang dan ancaman eksternal. Hasil penelitian diperoleh lima bentuk pemanfaatan yang dilakukan pada kawasan mangrove Negeri Amahai yaitu penangkapan ikan, pengumpulan teripang, bameti, wisata (rekreasi), serta penelitian. Terdapat delapan strategi pengelolaan yang dihasilkan yaitu 1) mengimplementasikan kebijakan pemerintah untuk menjaga potensi sumberdaya ekosistem mangrove guna pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat dan pendapatan daerah; 2) memanfaatkan potensi sumberdaya ekosistem mangrove untuk kegiatan ekowisata serta mendukung ilmu pengetahuan dan terknologi; 3) revitalisasi kelembagaan adat sebagai upaya mengelola kawasan eksoistem mangrove; 4) menyelenggarakan kegiatan pengolahan sumberdaya pada ekosistem mangrove untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi dan meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat; 5) pengembangan kawasan mangrove yang berwawasan lingkungan; 6) peningkatan monitoring, controling and surveilance; 7) meningkatkan koordinasi antar stakeholder; dan 8) meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang fungsi ekosistem mangrove serta keterampilan masyarakat sekitar daerah mangrove   Kata Kunci: Strategi pengelolaan, ekosistem mangrove, SWOT, keberlanjutan, Negeri Amaha

Dynamic rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning in Progo Catchment, Java, Indonesia

High spatiotemporal resolution satellite data have been available to provide rainfall estimates with global coverage and relatively short latency. On the other hand, a rain gauge measures the actual rain that falls to the surface, but its network density is commonly sparse, particularly those that record at sub-daily records. These datasets are extensively used to define rainfall thresholds for landslides. This study aims to investigate the use of GSMaP-GNRT and CMORPH-CRT data along with automatic rain station data to determine rainfall thresholds for landslides in Progo Catchment, Indonesia, as the basis for landslide early warning in the area. Using the frequentist method, we derived the thresholds based on 213 landslide occurrences for 2012-2021 in the Progo Catchment. Instead of relying on a fixed time window to determine rainfall events triggering landslides, we consider a dynamic window, enabling us to adapt to the rainfall event responsible for landslides by extending or shortening its duration depending on the persistence of the rainfall signal. Results indicate that both GSMaP-GNRT and CMORPH-CRT products fail to capture high-intensity rainfall in Progo Catchment and overestimate light rainfall measured by rain gauge observations.Nevertheless, when accumulated to define the rainfall threshold, the overall performance of GSMaP-GNRT and automatic rain station data in Progo Catchment is comparable. The rainfall measured at the stations performed slightly better than the estimated rainfall from GSMaP-GNRT, particularly at a probability exceedance level below 15%. In contrast, CMORPH -CRT performed the worst for all exceedance probabilities. The suitable exceedance probability for early warning purposes in Progo Catchment is 10% if it is based on the automatic rain station data. At this exceedance probability level, the threshold can adequately discriminate triggering/non-triggering rainfall conditions and produces the minimum false alarms and missed events

Farm Household Preferences and Evaluation of Land Use Change Policies for Agro-Forestry Plantations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia : a Choice Experiment

A household survey for the analysis of choice experiment were made to 360 farmers in three selected villages in Central Kalimantan Province. The objective is to analyze the current land use and to observe the perception of farmers on converting part of their land use for bioenergy plantation. The Choice Experiment is used to find a combination of appropriate payment systems to replace the use of the existing land for their farming. From the analysis of Choice Experiment can be explained comparison of the two approaches, that is, models without any interaction and models with interaction. On models without significant interaction effect on farmers' preferences is Contract Provider (prov), contract length (c-length), water table, land set-aside, compensation, Age, Age2, and income on the real level of 10%. To obtain more accurate results the researchers include variables of interaction between the characteristics of the respondents with a primary variable in order to obtain the best model from the model. From the results of choice experiments good, both without interaction and with interaction can explain what factors that will influence farmers' decisions in choosing their compensation, as a result of implementing bioenergy development