Cervus infile for seeds collected in 1998 at the selectively logged plot

Genotypes of 10 microsatellite markers. Lines 2 to 39 were genotypes of adult trees (more than 20 cm dbh) in the selectively logged plot (5.5 ha). Genotypes of seeds collected from four mother trees were started from Line 40

Cervus infile for seeds collected in 1998 at the undisturbed plot

Genotypes of 10 microsatellite markers. Lines 2 to 145 were genotypes of adult trees (more than 20 cm dbh) in the undisturbed plot (6.0 ha). Genotypes of seeds collected from four mother trees were started from Line 145

Cervus infile for seeds collected in 2005 at the selectively logged plot

Genotypes of 10 microsatellite markers. Lines 2 to 39 were genotypes of adult trees (more than 20 cm dbh) in the selectively logged plot (5.5 ha). Genotypes of seeds collected from four mother trees were started from Line 40

Cervus infile for seeds collected in 2005 at the selectively logged plot

Genotypes of 10 microsatellite markers. Lines 2 to 39 were genotypes of adult trees (more than 20 cm dbh) in the selectively logged plot (5.5 ha). Genotypes of seeds collected from four mother trees were started from Line 40

Limited dispersal and geographic barriers cause population differentiation and structuring in <i>Begonia maxwelliana</i> at both large and small scales

<p><b><i>Background</i></b>: Genetic divergence is one of the key processes in speciation. In the Begoniaceae, genetic divergence caused by limited gene flow may explain its high species diversity and endemicity. This hypothesis has been supported by past genetic work but there is a lack of empirical studies on the causes of limited gene flow.</p> <p><b><i>Aim</i></b>: To identify the causes of limited gene flow in <i>Begonia</i>.</p> <p><b><i>Methods</i></b>: We examined the genetic structure among the populations of <i>Begonia maxwelliana</i> at the macro- and micro-spatial scales using microsatellites, measured seed dispersal range and observed flowering phenology.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b>: Population differentiation and structuring were detected at both the macro- and micro-scales. Dispersal range was short, and all populations showed similar reproductive behaviour.</p> <p><b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: The strong population differentiation and structuring among the populations studied imply that they are evolutionarily significant units and possible candidates for speciation. Geographical barriers and limited seed dispersal restrict gene flow in the populations, and these factors may be responsible for the rapid speciation and large diversity in the family.</p

Genome size variation and evolution in Dipterocarpaceae

<p><b><i>Background</i></b>: Dipterocarpaceae is a pantropical tree family that plays an important role in our understanding of the ecology of Asian tropical rain forests. However, genome sizes for members of the Dipterocarpaceae are still poorly known.</p> <p><b><i>Aims</i></b>: To report the genome size of 115 dipterocarp species and examine the variation and evolution of genome size in this family.</p> <p><b><i>Methods</i></b>: Genome size was estimated using flow cytometry. Both the <i>rpoB</i> and <i>trn</i>L intron were sequenced to uncover the evolution of genome size within a phylogenetic framework.</p> <p><b><i>Results</i></b>: The 1<i>C</i> genome size varied between 0.267 and 0.705 pg in <i>Shorea hemsleyana</i> and <i>Shorea ovalis</i>, respectively, a 2.64-fold variation across the family. Most dipterocarps are characterised by very small genomes with a mean 1<i>C</i> value of 0.416 pg (sd = 0.075) and five polyploids are recorded. The ancestral genome size for dipterocarps was reconstructed as 1<i>C</i><i>x</i> = 0.481 pg (95% CI = 0.433–0.534).</p> <p><b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: Genome size variation in dipterocarps was characterised by very small values with a narrow range. Overall, genome size reduction from the ancestral state is a general trend in Dipterocarpaceae.</p

Genetic diversity and forensic variables for each the 15 STR loci of <i>Shorea platyclados</i> in the individual identification database.

<p>Genetic diversity and forensic variables for each the 15 STR loci of <i>Shorea platyclados</i> in the individual identification database.</p

Geographic origin and sample size (<i>N</i>) for both identification databases, population (Pop) and individual (Ind), for the 27 Malaysian populations included in this study.

<p>Geographic origin and sample size (<i>N</i>) for both identification databases, population (Pop) and individual (Ind), for the 27 Malaysian populations included in this study.</p

Coancestry coefficients (θ) and inbreeding coefficients (f) of <i>Shorea platyclados</i> calculated according to hierarchical levels.

<p>Probability of the mean θ and f were determined using bootstrap analysis (1000 replications) and results were presented with 95% confidence interval. Sample size (<i>N</i>) is given in parentheses.</p

Bayesian clustering (structure) based on 15 loci.

<p><b>Individual posterior probabilities for inferred number of clusters (<i>K</i> = 2, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176158#pone.0176158.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a> for justification).</b> Green and red bars indicate the individual posterior probability of belonging to cluster 1 and 2, respectively, and represent the geographic split between Western and Eastern Malaysia. The population codes (1–27) are listed below the clusters.</p