A simple rat model of mild traumatic brain injury: device to reproduce anatomical and neurological changes of mild traumatic brain injury

View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/2818), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used the water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of mild traumatic brain injury in rat. The device consisted of a freefall impactor that was targeted onto the rat skull. The weight (175g) was freely dropped 30cm to rat's skull bregma. We installed a safety device made of acrylic panel. (Collins et al. 1999). Actually, hospital-treated MTBIs are no more than 26 100 to 300/100,000 (Harmon et al. 2013). Neurological, cognitive and behavioral deficits, caused 27 by MTBIs, are observed only for a short period of time. A headache, vomiting, cognitive slowing, 28 fatigue, dizziness, depression, and problems with attention and memory can be one of its 29 symptoms (d'Hemecourt. 2011; 39 However, such a damaging mechanism, which delivered shock to their head and fell down them, 40 could not induce MTBIs alone. In another study, shocks were delivered to the craniums of rats 41 equipped with helmet disks, but it was also complicated to put the helmet disk (Xu et al. 2014). 42 In the case of a method suggested by Tang et al., it was comparatively simple and did not cause 43 skull fracture

Interplay between Saturated Free Fatty Acids and mmLDL Induces Inflammation in LPS-stimulated Macrophages

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Comparative study on multibody vehicle dynamics models based on subsystem synthesis method using Cartesian and joint coordinates

AbstractThe subsystem synthesis method has been developed in order to improve computational efficiency for a multibody vehicle dynamics model. Using the subsystem synthesis method, equations of motion of the base body and each subsystem can be solved separately. In the subsystem synthesis method, various coordinate systems can be used and various integration methods can be applied in each subsystem, as long as the effective mass matrix and the effective force vector are properly produced. In this paper, comparative study has been carried out for the subsystem synthesis method with Cartesian coordinates and with joint relative coordinates. Two different integration methods such as an explicit integrator and an explicit implicit integrator are employed. In order to see the accuracy and computational efficiency from the different models based on the different coordinate systems and different integration methods, a rough terrain run simulations has been carried out with a 6 × 6 off-road multibody vehicle model

Integrative Literature Review on the Antecedents of Informal Learning in the Workplace: A Conceptual Framework for Future Research

Despite the explosion of interest in informal learning in the workplace, few attempts have been made to synthesize the current literature. This article provides an integrative and analytical review of prior empirical studies, particularly focusing on what factors have been identified as antecedents of informal learning in organizations and how informal learning has been conceptualized and measured. It then suggests future avenues for theory building, research, and practice. The authors propose a conceptual framework for understanding informal learning activities using three dimensions: learning competence, intentionality, and developmental relatedness. Implications for human resource development research and practice are also discussed

In situ-prepared composite materials of PEDOT: PSS buffer layer-metal nanoparticles and their application to organic solar cells

We report an enhancement in the efficiency of organic solar cells via the incorporation of gold (Au) or silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) in the hole-transporting buffer layer of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which was formed on an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface by the spin-coating of PEDOT:PSS-Au or Ag NPs composite solution. The composite solution was synthesized by a simple in situ preparation method which involved the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) or silver nitrate (AgNO3) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution in the presence of aqueous PEDOT:PSS media. The NPs were well dispersed in the PEDOT:PSS media and showed a characteristic absorption peak due to the surface plasmon resonance effect. Organic solar cells with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS-Au, Ag NPs/poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM)/LiF/Al exhibited an 8% improvement in their power conversion efficiency mainly due to the enlarged surface roughness of the PEDOT:PSS, which lead to an improvement in the charge collection and ultimately improvements in the short-circuit current density and fill factor. © 2012 Woo et al.1