Bilateral effects of unilateral cerebellar lesions as detected by voxel based morphometry and diffusion imaging

Over the last decades, the importance of cerebellar processing for cortical functions has been acknowledged and consensus was reached on the strict functional and structural cortico-cerebellar interrelations. From an anatomical point of view strictly contralateral interconnections link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex mainly through the middle and superior cerebellar peduncle. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) based tractography has already been applied to address cortico-cerebellar-cortical loops in healthy subjects and to detect diffusivity alteration patterns in patients with neurodegenerative pathologies of the cerebellum. In the present study we used dMRI-based tractography to determine the degree and pattern of pathological changes of cerebellar white matter microstructure in patients with focal cerebellar lesions. Diffusion imaging and high-resolution volumes were obtained in patients with left cerebellar lesions and in normal controls. Middle cerebellar peduncles and superior cerebellar peduncles were reconstructed by multi fiber diffusion tractography. From each tract, measures of microscopic damage were assessed, and despite the presence of unilateral lesions, bilateral diffusivity differences in white matter tracts were found comparing patients with normal controls. Consistently, bilateral alterations were also evidenced in specific brain regions linked to the cerebellum and involved in higher-level functions. This could be in line with the evidence that in the presence of unilateral cerebellar lesions, different cognitive functions can be affected and they are not strictly linked to the side of the cerebellar lesion

Usefulness of Tc-99m-ciprofloxacin (infecton) scan in diagnosis of chronic orthopedic infections: Comparative study with Tc-99m-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy

Tc-99m-labeled ciprofloxacin (infecton) has been developed for detecting infectious foci, which localize in high concentrations in living bacteria. Other studies performed with Various infections in animals and humans have found that infecton is a promising agent with better specificity for bacterial infections than white blood cell (WBC) scans. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of infecton scintigraphy for detecting chronic bone and joint infections. Methods: Fifty-six sites with suspected bone or joint infection were examined with Tc-99m-WBC and infecton scans in 51 patients. Of these patients, 21 had prosthetic implant materials. Biochemical, radiologic, and microbiologic data and clinical outcomes also contributed, along with the results from scintigraphic techniques, in determining the presence or absence of infection. Scintigraphic images were produced at 1 and 4 h after injection of 370-400 MBq infecton or 185-200 MBq Tc-99m-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)-WBCs. For each patient, there were at least 2 d and at most 7 d between scintigraphic studies. Results: There were 30 true-positive, 4 false-positive, 20 true-negative, and 2 false-negative results with infecton. With Tc-99m-HMPAO-WBCs, the results were 20, 1, 23, and 12, respectively. Values for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94%, 83%, and 89%, respectively, with the infecton scan and 63%, 96%, and 77%, respectively, with WBC scanning. Differences between the two agents were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Infecton and WBC scan results were in general concordance for 43 of 56 sites (77%). Infecton results for vertebral infections were the most notable findings in this study, despite the limited number of patients with this condition. Infecton scans were positive for hot spots in five of six patients with vertebral osteomyelitis. WBC scans showed photon-deficient areas in four of these same patients and normal distribution in the remaining two patients. Conclusion: Infecton is a useful agent for detecting infectious foci in bones and joints. Moreover, the infecton scan seems to be a more powerful tool in diagnosing vertebral infections than WBC scintigraphy

Extended trial equation method and applications to some nonlinear problems

In this paper, we introduce the extended trial equation method for solving nonintegrable partial differential equations in mathematical physics. Some exact solutions including soliton solutions, rational, elliptic integral function, Jacobi elliptic function solutions to the (N +1)-dimensional sine-cosine-Gordon equation and the KdV equation with dual power law nonlinearity are obtained by this method. Also, a more general version of the extended trial equation method is proposed