Weeds in the start of development of the crop of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in Campoalegre, Huila-Colombia

At the beginning of the physiological growth of tobacco plants, there may be competition with weeds for light, moisture and soil nutrients, which slows down the development of the crop, raises management costs and in some cases, causes losses to the farmer. The objective of this work was to determine the persistence of weeds under chemical control before and after the transplantation of tobacco seedlings, for which a study was carried out in Campoalegre (Huila), at a height of 522 masl. A first sampling was carried out using the methodology by linear transects with 180 quadrants of 0.5 x 0.5 m, in 1.9 ha; later the application of herbicides was carried out and after the transplant a second sampling was implemented. Before transplantation, 16 botanical families with 23 species were identified and later 15 families with 19 species, without the presence of new records. Before transplanting, the highest index of importance value was of the Poaceae and the Cyperus rotundus species, but later the greatest value was presented again by the same family, although Rottboellia cochinchinensis stood out. Likewise, previously transplantation, the greatest diversity was of C. rotundus, dominance of Cleome spinosa and uniformity of Spermacoce assurgens. After transplanting, the greatest diversity and dominance was R. cochinchinensis and the greatest uniformity was Kallstroemia maxima. The survival capacity of the weeds is highlighted before a chemical control where only four species of those initially listed stopped appearing

Peace in crisis: citizenship to transform the crisis

Paz en crisis es un proyecto editorial con el que se cierra un programa de investi gación de años atrás y en el que se condensan distintas aproximaciones sobre la paz; en esta oportunidad, bajo la lupa o noción de crisis. Los aportes se encuentran agrupados en 4 tomos, 44 capítulos y 6 bloques temáticos en donde 87 autores ofrecen perspectivas multidisciplinares y multidimensionales, pluralidad meto dológica y variedad en las maneras de hacer investigación y con estilos de escritura diferenciados. Los tomos, en su conjunto, presentan reflexiones diversas sobre las antiguas, múltiples y nuevas conflictividades (tanto armadas como no armadas), así como de los diferentes actores (heredados, emergentes y transformados), en el escenario de lo que ha venido refiriéndose por algunos especialistas como una situación de posacuerdo bélico en Colombia. Este primer tomo, titulado Nociones, acuerdo e implementación (compuesto por trece capítulos y un epílogo), analiza la situación actual de la paz, la democra cia, la seguridad y el ejercicio de los derechos en Colombia, demostrando que lejos de las aspiraciones de estabilización y avance contenidas en los acuerdos, es una renovada y multimodal conflictividad la que define el contexto nacional. En este tomo se apunta a debatir nociones conceptuales y aproximaciones a proble máticas particulares, que resultan relevantes en el marco contextual de crisis que atraviesa la implementación de los acuerdos de paz alcanzados en La Habana. La polarización originada en todos los escenarios de la vida política y social del país como consecuencia del apoyo o rechazo al proceso de paz y sus mecanismos de implementación, ha puesto de manifiesto una profunda crisis de los consensos necesarios, ya no solo para la puesta en marcha de lo acordado en el proceso de paz, sino también de los fundamentos de cohesión que deben hacerse presentes en la elaboración de cualquier proyecto de construcción social amplio, incluyente y sostenible.Peace in crisis is an editorial project that closes a research program gation from years ago and in which different approaches are condensed on the peace; on this occasion, under the magnifying glass or notion of crisis. The contributions are found grouped in 4 volumes, 44 chapters and 6 thematic blocks where 87 authors offer multidisciplinary and multidimensional perspectives, meta plurality dology and variety in the ways of doing research and writing styles differentiated. The volumes, as a whole, present diverse reflections on the ancient, multiple and new conflicts (both armed and unarmed), as well as the different actors (inherited, emerging and transformed), on the stage of what has been referred to by some specialists as a situation of post-war agreement in Colombia. This first volume, entitled Notions, agreement and implementation (composed or thirteen chapters and an epilogue), analyzes the current situation of peace, democracy cia, security and the exercise of rights in Colombia, demonstrating that far from the aspirations of stabilization and progress contained in the agreements, it is a renewed and multimodal conflictivity that defines the national context. In This volume aims to debate conceptual notions and approaches to problems. particular themes, which are relevant in the contextual framework of crisis that is going through the implementation of the peace agreements reached in Havana. The polarization originating in all scenarios of the country's political and social life as a consequence of the support or rejection of the peace process and its mechanisms of implementation, has revealed a deep crisis of consensus necessary, not only for the implementation of what was agreed in the process of peace, but also of the foundations of cohesion that must be present in the development of any broad, inclusive and social construction project sustainable peace, but also of the foundations of cohesion that must be present in the development of any broad, inclusive and social construction project sustainable.Bogot