Composition analysis (pick analysis) of waste generated from household : A pilot study in Ujjain city, India

Waste segregation is an essential function in improving waste management. Waste segregation not only facilitates recycling and reduces waste going to landfills, rather it can benefit our environment and human in various ways. A pick analysis of waste composition is used to characterize the household waste stream and thus can analyze the segregation rate among the residents. In addition, it can measure the actual waste sorting behaviour at the household/community level. The objective of the study was to assess feasibility of a large-scale waste composition study, identify methodological and operational challenges, and estimate the resources needed to conduct the main waste composition study in order to obtain and get indicative figures about waste generation, composition, and miss-sorted proportions. The study team went door-to-door to collect waste in colour coded bags. We also collected the socio-demographic data of the households. The collected waste was weighed and segregated to analyze the waste composition. The analysis was done among 45 households, and it was found that the per capita waste generation per day is 0.25 kg (0.24 kg from slum and 0.27 kg from non-slum). Challenges identified in conducting waste composition study were lack of standard waste fraction classifications, difficulty in recruitment of personnel to conduct study due to social taboo around waste, challenge in co-coordinating with Ujjain Municipal Corporation waste collection vehicle for collection of waste. 53 household activities were completed in 5 and half hours with INR 24685 (USD 300.5). Pick analysis could be adopted by the Ujjain Municipal Corporation after cost effective analysis to generate precise estimate of waste generation, resource recovery, efficient resource allocation and will help in future interventions and informed policy decision making to improve segregation.Peer reviewe

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Paper presented in National Symposium on Agroforestry Knowledge for Sustanability, climate Moderation and Challenge Ahead, held at NRCAF, Jhansi, 15-17 December 2008.Not AvailableNot Availabl

“Stop the ticking before it blows:” treatment modalities of peri-implantitis

The serendipitous discovery of osseointegration and the subsequent development of dental implants have irrefutably marked an epoch-making point of inflection in not only the basic approach of the clinicians toward treating edentulism but also in the attitudes and preferences of the patients in getting their oral rehabilitation issues resolved. This decisive shift also triggered explosive research targeting improvement in various aspects of dental implants. However, initial success in osseointegration does not necessarily translate into success in long-term function. A successfully osseointegrated implant may be afflicted with early or late complications in due course of service. Of these, peri-implantitis (PI) is considered one of the most common causes of implant failure. For the treatment of peri-implant diseases (mucositis and PI), various conservative and surgical approaches are available. Mucositis and moderate forms of PI can be contained effectively using conservative methods. These include the administration of systemic and local antibiotics alone or in conjunction with other treatment modalities such as nonsurgical therapy which consists of mechanical debridement of the affected areas, irrigation with antiseptics (such as chlorhexidine, saline, and 10% hydrogen peroxide) with or without surface decontamination, laser-supported therapy, photodynamic therapy as well as light-activated disinfection also known as photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy along with maintaining adequate plaque control. In cases with advanced PI, surgical therapies are more effective than conservative approaches. Open flap debridement can be done, and depending on the configuration of the defect, regenerative therapies such as guided tissue regenerative and the use of bone graft materials may be applicable for defect filling whereas resective surgery can be considered for the elimination of peri-implant lesions

Comparative Study: Proprietary Software vs. Open Source Software

ABSTRACT: The Life cycle for the expansion of traditional commercial software is well established and discussed in various research papers in detail. On the contrary, in case of Open Source Software (OSS),life cycle for the development is not being discussed in much detail since there exist no standardized life cycle approach for Open Source Software (OSS) development. Different researchers and developers have projected various life cycles for the development of OSS with respect to their own development experience, requirement or application. The popularity of the open source software development in the most recent decade, has brought about an increased interest from the industry on how to use open source components, participate in the open source community, develop business models around this type of software development, and learn more about open source development methodologies. The main focus of this paper is on reviewing the Open Source Software (OSS)

Agile Methodology -A New Framework for Software Development

ABSTRAC

Effect of Residual Defect Density on Software Release Management

In Global markets the competition has increased dramatically. This has resulted on the need for software development firms to produce at a lower cost, with higher quality and within shorter time frames. The focus must clearly be put on the customer and the objective must not simply be to satisfy, but to delight. This can only be accomplished by providing the right system and executing the pertinent project(s) in the right way. In industry, information on defect density of a product tends to become available too late in the software development process to affordably guide corrective actions. An important step towards remediation of the problem associated with this late information lies in the ability to provide an early estimation of defect density. The residual defect density of a software product can often only be estimated, based on the number of user complaints. The number of complaints does not just depend on the residual defect density, it also depends on the number of users, and the amount and duration of actual usage. The identification and removal of software defects constitutes the basis of the software testing process, a fact that inevitably places increased emphasis on defect related software measurements. The stochastic parameters of the proposed system with specific system boundaries under a given environment have been estimated using simulation

Prevalence of common fusion transcripts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of 304 cases

Aim: Information about fusion transcripts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is used to risk-stratify patients, decide on the treatment and to detect minimal residual disease. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of common fusion transcripts <i>BCR-ABL</i>, <i>TEL-AML1</i>, <i>MLL-AF4</i> and <i>E2A-PBX1</i> for B-ALL and <i>SIL-TAL1</i> for T-ALL as seen at a tertiary care center in India. Methods: Up to 304 new cases of ALL (271 B-ALL and 33 T-ALL) diagnosed on morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotyping were studied. All were screened for the common fusion transcripts by RT-PCR. Results: Both our B- (218/271; 80.4%) and T-ALL (26/33; 78.8%) patients were largely children. In the B-ALL children, <i>BCR-ABL</i> was detected in 26/218 (11.9%), <i>E2A-PBX1</i> in 13/218 (5.9%), <i>TEL-AML1</i> in 16/218 (7.3%) and <i>MLL-AF4</i> in 3/218 (1.4%) patients. Adult B-ALL cases had <i>BCR-ABL</i> in 15/53 (28.3%) and <i>E2A-PBX</i> in 2/53 (3.8%); however, no other fusion transcript was detected. <i>SIL-TAL1</i> was found in four of 26 pediatric (15%) and zero of 7 adult T-ALL cases. Conclusion: The higher incidence of <i>BCR-ABL</i> and lower incidence of <i>TEL-AML</i>1 in our ALL patients, both in children and adults as compared with the West, suggests that patients in India may be biologically different. This difference may explain at least in part the higher relapse rate and poorer outcome in our B-ALL cases

Dynamics of Household Waste Segregation Behaviour in Urban Community in Ujjain, India : A Framework Analysis

Waste segregation practices must be socially acceptable, affordable, context-specific, and participatory, which is essential for promoting waste segregation. Therefore, this study explored the urban community members’ motivation, opportunity, and household waste segregation ability. We performed a qualitative study in Ujjain city, India. Ten focus group discussions and eight in-depth interviews were conducted with female and male household members in residential and slum areas. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and translated. We used the thematic framework technique using the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability-Behaviour theory for analysis. Three themes were constructed: motivation, where household members are motivated to sort waste yet fear the consequences of improper sorting; ability, where household waste segregation is rapidly gaining acceptance as a social norm; and opportunities, involving convenient facilities and a social support system for household members towards waste segregation. This study contributes to developing a knowledge base on waste segregation behaviour and a repertoire to facilitate evidence-based management and policymaking. There is a need for educational intervention and women’s self-help groups’ involvement to develop community orientation and waste segregation literacy. Finally, this study emphasizes the importance of all three behavioural change components, i.e., motivation, opportunity, and ability, in managing sustainable waste segregation practices.publishedVersionPeer reviewe