Multi-Scale U-Shape MLP for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral images have significant applications in various domains, since they register numerous semantic and spatial information in the spectral band with spatial variability of spectral signatures. Two critical challenges in identifying pixels of the hyperspectral image are respectively representing the correlated information among the local and global, as well as the abundant parameters of the model. To tackle this challenge, we propose a Multi-Scale U-shape Multi-Layer Perceptron (MUMLP) a model consisting of the designed MSC (Multi-Scale Channel) block and the UMLP (U-shape Multi-Layer Perceptron) structure. MSC transforms the channel dimension and mixes spectral band feature to embed the deep-level representation adequately. UMLP is designed by the encoder-decoder structure with multi-layer perceptron layers, which is capable of compressing the large-scale parameters. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate our model can outperform state-of-the-art methods across-the-board on three wide-adopted public datasets, namely Pavia University, Houston 2013 and Houston 2018Comment: 5 page

Projecting terrestrial carbon sequestration of the southeastern United States in the 21st century

How terrestrial ecosystems respond to future environmental change in the 21st century is critically important for understanding the feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change. The southeastern United States (SEUS) has been one of the major regions acting as a carbon sink over the past century; yet it is unclear how its terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global environmental change in the 21st century. Applying a process-based ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM) in combination with three projected climate change scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1 from the IPCC report) and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition, and ozone pollution, we examined the potential changes of carbon storage and fluxes in the terrestrial ecosystems across the SEUS during 2000–2099. Simulation results indicate that SEUS\u27s terrestrial ecosystems will likely continue to sequester carbon in the 21st century, resulting in an increase in total carbon density (i.e., litter, vegetation biomass and soil carbon) from 13.5 kg C/m2 in the 2000s to 16.8 kg C/m2 in the 2090s. The terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production will probably continuously increase, while the net carbon exchange (positive indicates sink and negative indicates source) will slightly decrease. The carbon sequestration is primarily attributed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen deposition. Forests, including both deciduous and evergreen, show the largest increase in carbon storage as compared with other biomes, while cropland carbon storage shows a small decrease. The sequestered carbon will be primarily stored in vegetation for deciduous forest and in soil for evergreen forest. The central and eastern SEUS will sequester more carbon, while the western portion of the SEUS will release carbon to the atmosphere. The combined effects of climate and atmospheric changes on carbon fluxes and storage vary among climate models and climate scenarios. The largest increase in carbon storage would occur under the A1B climate scenario simulated by the NCAR climate model. Generally, the A1B scenario would result in more carbon sequestration than A2 and B1 scenarios; and the projected climate condition by the NCAR model would result in more carbon sequestration than other climate models

Extreme temperature events reduced carbon uptake of a boreal forest ecosystem in Northeast China: Evidence from an 11-year eddy covariance observation

Boreal forests, the second continental biome on Earth, are known for their massive carbon storage capacity and important role in the global carbon cycle. Comprehending the temporal dynamics and controlling factors of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) is critical for predicting how the carbon exchange in boreal forests will change in response to climate change. Therefore, based on long-term eddy covariance observations from 2008 to 2018, we evaluated the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in the boreal forest ecosystem NEE in Northeast China and explored its environmental regulation. It was found that the boreal forest was a minor CO2 sink with an annual average NEE of -64.01 (± 24.23) g CO2 m-2 yr-1. The diurnal variation in the NEE of boreal forest during the growing season was considerably larger than that during the non-growing season, and carbon uptake peaked between 8:30 and 9:30 in the morning. The seasonal variation in NEE demonstrated a “U” shaped curve, and the carbon uptake peaked in July. On a half-hourly scale, photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit had larger impacts on daytime NEE during the growing season. However, temperature had major control on NEE during the growing season at night and during the non-growing season. On a daily scale, temperature was the dominant factor controlling seasonal variation in NEE. Occurrence of extreme temperature days, especially extreme temperature events, would reduce boreal forest carbon uptake; interannual variation in NEE was substantially associated with the maximum CO2 uptake rate during the growing season. This study deepens our understanding of environmental controls on NEE at multiple timescales and provides a data basis for evaluating the global carbon budget

Mutations associated with no durable clinical benefit to immune checkpoint blockade in Non-S-Cell lung cancer

(1) Background: The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has shown promising efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with significant clinical benefits and durable responses, but the overall response rate to ICBs is only 20%. The lack of responsiveness to ICBs is currently a central problem in cancer immunotherapy. (2) Methods: Four public cohorts comprising 2986 patients with NSCLC were included in the study. We screened 158 patients with NSCLC with no durable clinical benefit (NDB) to ICBs in the Rizvi cohort and identified NDB-related gene mutations in these patients using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutation burden (TMB), neoantigen load, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune-related gene expression were analyzed for identifying gene mutations. A comprehensive predictive classifier model was also built to evaluate the efficacy of ICB therapy. (3) Results: Mutations in FAT1 and KEAP1 were found to correlate with NDB in patients with NSCLC to ICBs; however, the analysis suggested that only mutation in FAT1 was valuable in predicting the efficacy of ICB therapy, and that mutation in KEAP1 acted as a prognostic but not a predictive biomarker for NSCLC. Mutations in FAT1 were associated with a higher TMB and lower multiple lymphocyte infiltration, including CD8 (T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD8)+ T cells. We established a prognostic model according to PD-L1 expression, TMB, smoking status, treatment regimen, treatment type, and FAT1 mutation, which indicated good accuracy by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (area under the curve (AUC) for 6-months survival: 0.763; AUC for 12-months survival: 0.871). (4) Conclusions: Mutation in FAT1 may be a predictive biomarker in patients with NSCLC who exhibit NDB to ICBs. We proposed an FAT1 mutation-based model for screening more suitable NSCLC patients to receive ICBs that may contribute to individualized immunotherapy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Research on accessibility of port collection and distribution system from the perspective of carbon emissions

Port accessibility is an important factor in the efficiency of a port collection and distribution systems. And the carbon emission of the collection and transportation system is large, which is an important factor that cannot be ignored when constructing the collection and transportation system. In order to analyze the carbon emission characteristics of the port collection and distribution system, the paper incorporates the carbon emission factor into the accessibility measurement of the port collection and distribution system. To solve the problem of unbalanced demand of each logistics node, the distribution of logistics demand in the system is realized by the method based on the appropriate freight volume. The carbon emission cost factor is introduced, and the accessibility measurement model based on the generalized cost impedance function is constructed. Taking the collection and distribution system of Douala Port in West Africa as an example to verify, the results show that, after adding the carbon emission factor, the accessibility of each logistics node shows different degrees of decline which shows that the addition of the carbon emission factor can be more comprehensive and can reflect the accessibility of the system

Net exchanges of CO2, CH4, and N2O between China's terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere and their contributions to global climate warming

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): G02011, doi:10.1029/2010JG001393.China's terrestrial ecosystems have been recognized as an atmospheric CO2 sink; however, it is uncertain whether this sink can alleviate global warming given the fluxes of CH4 and N2O. In this study, we used a process-based ecosystem model driven by multiple environmental factors to examine the net warming potential resulting from net exchanges of CO2, CH4, and N2O between China's terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere during 1961–2005. In the past 45 years, China's terrestrial ecosystems were found to sequestrate CO2 at a rate of 179.3 Tg C yr−1 with a 95% confidence range of (62.0 Tg C yr−1, 264.9 Tg C yr−1) while emitting CH4 and N2O at rates of 8.3 Tg C yr−1 with a 95% confidence range of (3.3 Tg C yr−1, 12.4 Tg C yr−1) and 0.6 Tg N yr−1 with a 95% confidence range of (0.2 Tg N yr−1, 1.1 Tg N yr−1), respectively. When translated into global warming potential, it is highly possible that China's terrestrial ecosystems mitigated global climate warming at a rate of 96.9 Tg CO2eq yr−1 (1 Tg = 1012 g), substantially varying from a source of 766.8 Tg CO2eq yr−1 in 1997 to a sink of 705.2 Tg CO2eq yr−1 in 2002. The southeast and northeast of China slightly contributed to global climate warming; while the northwest, north, and southwest of China imposed cooling effects on the climate system. Paddy land, followed by natural wetland and dry cropland, was the largest contributor to national warming potential; forest, followed by woodland and grassland, played the most significant role in alleviating climate warming. Our simulated results indicate that CH4 and N2O emissions offset approximately 84.8% of terrestrial CO2 sink in China during 1961–2005. This study suggests that the relieving effects of China's terrestrial ecosystems on climate warming through sequestering CO2 might be gradually offset by increasing N2O emission, in combination with CH4 emission.This study has been supported by NASA LCLUC Program (NNX08AL73G_S01) , NASA IDS Program (NNG04GM39C), and China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) 973 Program (2002CB412500)