A STUDY OF THE MESSAGES ON SPICE GIRLS’ SONG LYRIC “GOODBYE”

Literature is human’s expression. It is divided into drama, novel, poem, and also song. Song is one of the literary works that has beautiful words on it like figurative language, diction, and also imagery. The problems of this study are analyzing the detailed, general meaning, and also the messages of Spice Girls’ song “Goodbye”. This study used the descriptive qualitative because this research started with collecting reviewing research literature to provide the data. This research used objective approach because that is the story of Spice Girls. Thus, the object of this study was Spice Girls’ song lyrics “Goodbye” in the form of lines and sentences. The detailed meaning of the song lyrics “Goodbye” tells about the parting between Spice Girls and X-member of Spice Girls “Gerry Haliwell”. She leaves Spice Girls because she wants to find out her own way to be a solo career. Although they are not together anymore but Spice Girls still love her and Gerry will always be in their heart. The song also describes about their togetherness in the past both in joy and sorrow. However, although they are not together anymore but Spice Girls will always help and support Gerry’s way. The general meaning of the song tells about the parting between Spice Girls and X-member of Spice Girls “Gerry Haliwell”. She has gone to leave them to find out her own way because she wants to be a solo career. The messages of the song lyrics “Goodbye” reminds us not to dissolve ourselves into the pain and never regret the parting because nothing is immortal in this life. Meeting and parting, joy and sorrow are the variation of this life and believe that inside the pain there must be lessons we can get

Influences of environmental and biological factors on song complexity in songbirds : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand

Content removed due to copyright reasons: Hill, S. D., Pawley, M. D. M., Anderson, M. G., & Weihong, J. (2017). Higher song complexity and intruder pressure at dawn in a vocally complex songbird. Emu - Austral Ornithology, 118(2), 147-157. doi:10.1080/01584197.2017.1380503In songbirds, song is important for mate attraction and territory defence. Females of some species preferentially select males that have more complex songs, an honest signal for male fitness. Examining variation in song complexity provides important insights into the evolution of sexually-selected vocal characteristics. In this thesis, hypotheses examining song complexity variation and a series of biological and environmental factors were tested. A socially monogamous songbird with highly complex songs and high extra-pair paternity (tui, Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) was selected as the main study model. Firstly, the hypothesis that song complexity in songbird broadcast songs would be higher than in interactive songs was tested. In addition, it was predicted that there would be a positive association between song complexity and extra-pair paternity frequency. This was conducted across 78 songbird species, the most comprehensive analysis in this study area to date. Concordant with the predictions, tui broadcast songs were found to have higher complexity than interactive songs. Furthermore, after controlling for phylogenetic relatedness, a significant positive association between extra-pair paternity frequency and within-song complexity was found across multiple species. Secondly, I tested the hypothesis that tui song complexity would be higher at dawn than at solar noon and dusk. It has previously been established that dawn is a critical period for intensified songbird vocal displays, such as increased song rate. However, little research has been conducted on diurnal variations in song complexity, which was predicted to be higher at dawn. As predicted, both tui song complexity and intrusion rates were significantly greater at dawn than at dusk. In addition, two song complexity variables were inversely correlated with intrusion rate. Thirdly, the hypothesis that male tui would respond more aggressively to more complex songs was tested, to assess whether song complexity plays a role in male-male interactions. Male responses to rival male songs of different degrees of complexity were subsequently examined using playback experiments. Male tui songs with higher complexity evoked stronger and more aggressive intrasexual responses than simple song as predicted. Fourthly, I tested the hypothesis that habitat complexity would correlate positively with tui song complexity. The association between habitat structure and tui song complexity was investigated by comparing male song complexity in two types of habitat: forest remnants with high complexity, and open habitats with lower complexity. As predicted, habitat complexity correlated positively with tui song complexity. Overall, the findings in this thesis provide evidence that several biological and environmental factors are associated with the evolution of song complexity; a socially-selected vocal trait. This study suggests that complex songs in vocally complex songbirds may have evolved under extra-pair paternity, territorial and environmental pressures. It therefore has implications for furthering our understanding of song complexity evolution in songbirds

A sensorimotor area (NIf) is required for the production of learned vocalizations

Sensory feedback is essential for the acquisition of complex motor behaviors, including birdsong. In zebra finches, auditory feedback is relayed to the descending motor pathway primarily through the nucleus interfacialis nidopalii (NIf). NIf projects to HVC - a premotor region essential for song, which projects to RA, a motor cortex analogue brain area that drives muscle activity required for vocalizations. NIf is also essential for ‘sleep replay’, a recapitulation of song-related neural dynamics in the motor pathway during sleep. Despite being one of the major inputs to the song control pathway, there is no known role for NIf in the production of zebra finch song. To address this, we reversibly inactivated NIf using TTX or Muscimol in 13 birds. We compared songs before and during inactivation and found large effects of NIf inactivation on song structure. Vocalizations after NIf inactivation resembled subsong, highly variable utterances typical of the very early phases of song learning. Subsong is driven by LMAN, the output nucleus of an avian basal ganglia circuit that projects to RA. To verify that NIf inactivations indeed switched song control from HVC to LMAN, we inactivated LMAN in conjunction with NIf in four birds. As with LMAN inactivations after HVC lesions, this manipulation led to a complete cessation of singing. We also lesioned NIf using ibotenic acid and saw the song recover within a day, consistent with previous studies. Our results show that NIf input to HVC is acutely necessary for generating learned vocal behavior in songbirds, and that in its absence vocal production reverts to subsong driven by LMAN. Absent NIf input, the song circuit reorganizes and recovers its ability to produce pre-lesion song over the course of 1-2 days, suggesting a redundant role for NIf that can be assumed by other parts of the song circuit

Makna Gaya Bahasa Syair Lagu Perjuangan Indonesia Pendekatan Teks Dalam Konteks Sejarah

This research was done by comparing the texts of the three types of poems, then interpreting the meanings of nationalism according to them. Especially, the message of the language styles of the national song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda, is analyzed symbolically or poetically in the context of nationalism. From this research, some conclusions or results can be drawn. First, colonialism produces nationalism. Second, the poem Tanah Air expresses romantic nationalism which only admires the natural beauty of Sumatra. Third, the poem Aku reveals realistic nationalism which is based on the real resistance of the Indonesian people to expel the colonialist from Indonesia and reach the Independence of the Indonesian people. Fourth, the song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda communicates human nationalism which asks the whole Indonesian people to do the best for the welfare of the whole Indonesian people and country. All language styles of the song lyrics are stuck on and signify the meaning of the human nationalism. This research was done by comparing the texts of the three types of poems, then interpreting the meanings of nationalism according to them. Especially, the message of the language styles of the national song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda, is analyzed symbolically or poetically in the context of nationalism. From this research, some conclusions or results can be drawn. First, colonialism produces nationalism. Second, the poem Tanah Air expresses romantic nationalism which only admires the natural beauty of Sumatra. Third, the poem Aku reveals realistic nationalism which is based on the real resistance of the Indonesian people to expel the colonialist from Indonesia and reach the Independence of the Indonesian people. Fourth, the song lyrics: Indonesia Raya, Bagimu Negeri, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, Pada Pahlawan, and Bangun Pemudi Pemuda communicate human nationalism which asks the whole Indonesian peopleto do the best for the welfare of the whole Indonesian people and country. All language styles of the song lyrics are stuck on and signify the meaning of the human nationalism