HANAFI DOCTRINE AND THE SHEIKH OF ISLAM HANAFI IN ALGERIA FROM THE OPENING OF NORTH AFRICA UNTIL INDEPENDENCE

And we have compared Hanefi doctrine with the Maliki doctrine prevailing in Algeria It is noted in this study that Hanafi doctrine was present in North Africa since ancient times this is confirmed by Judge Ayyad, Ibn Khalkan, Dabbagh and Ibn al-Khoja...https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.49135

TRANSFORMATION OF OWNERSHIP AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

This study aims to discuss an important issue that is directly related to the daily life of people, in particular, during their financial transactions and their social life. In detail, the article is discussing the method of transferring the ownership and its consequences such as illegal or forbidden earning that transfer the ownership from an owner to a new owner in a form of contract, for instant, selling or giving away. The research will also talk about the concept of transferring ownership, its legitimate reference and the argument of scholars about it. Moreover, in attempt to illustrate its significance, this study will mention some important examples of this concept as well as opinions of some scholars about how to treat individuals who illegally earn. One of the most important examples that matches this concept is the revenue that comes from the exploitation of occupation and transferring the financial-commercial organizations to Islamic-financial organizations. To the best of our knowledge, no previous researchers connect this concept with the jurisprudential applications, especially the recent ones and its interference with other jurisprudential branches.https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.59062

THE COURSE RING OF ABU HANIFA AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF HIS UNFAMOUS STUDENTS IN FORMATION AND SPREAD OF THE HANAFI THOUGHT

Hanefi mezhebinin teşekkülünde kurucu İmam Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkıh düşüncesi ve metodu çok önemli olmakla birlikte ilk kuşak öğrencilerinin de çalışmaları önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ebû Hanîfe, hocasının ders metodunu geliştirerek ders halkasını bir akademi gibi çalıştırmış, bununla yetinmeyerek derslerde öğrencileriyle birlikte ulaştıkları sonuçları tedvin ettirmiştir. O, kendi zamanının alışılagelmiş ders işleme metodunun dışına çıkarak, öğrencilerinin düşüncelerine değer vermiş, onların kendilerini ifade etmelerine fırsat tanımıştır. Ebû Hanîfe’nin meşhur dört öğrencisi Züfer b. Hüzeyl (ö. 158/775), Ebû Yusuf Ya‘kûb b. İbrahim (ö. 182/798), Muhammed b. el-Hasan eş-Şeybânî (ö. 189/805) ve Hasan b. Ziyâd (ö. 204/819) Hanefi mezhebinin teşekkülünde çok önemli katkılar sunmuşlardır. Bununla birlikte meşhur olmayan ve sayıca çok daha fazla olan öğrencilerin mezhebin teşekkülünde, Ebû Hanîfe’nin metot ve fıkhî düşüncesinin özellikle uzak bölgelere yayılmasında çok önemli çabaları bulunmaktadır. Özellikle Ebû Hanîfe’nin Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir’de tanınmasını bu öğrencileri sağlamıştır. Bu öğrenciler, Belh, Merv, Semerkant, Buhara, Nîsâbûr, gibi şehirlerde ders halkaları teşekkül ettirerek Ebû Hanîfe’nin fıkhî ve kelamî görüşlerini bu ders halkalarında işlemişlerdir. Ayrıca bu öğrenciler gittikleri yerlerde Cehmiyye gibi oluşumlarla mücadele etmişlerdir. Bunun yanında çeşitli eserler telif ederek literatüre katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Bu öğrencilerden bazıları içtihat seviyesine ulaşmış, müftâ bih görüşün belirlenmesinde onların içtihatlarına da başvurulmuştur. Bunun yanında kadılık görevi üstlenerek mezhebin kurumsallaşmasına katkıda bulunmuşlardır.Although the idea of fiqh and method of founder Ebû Hanîfe is very important in_x000D_ the formation of the Hanefi sect, the works of the first-generation students also_x000D_ play an important role. As it is known, when Ebû Hanîfe was unable to answer a_x000D_ question in the fiqh area when he was interested in the subjects of the science of_x000D_ Kelam, He started the lessons of Hammâd b. Ebû Süleyman. He continued his fiqh_x000D_ collection for nearly twenty years alongside his teacher. When his teacher passed_x000D_ away, he became the head of the class by the request of his classmates. Ebû_x000D_ Hanîfe, who wanted the lessons to pass efficiently, required at least ten of his_x000D_ classmates to attend the lessons. With this request, he prevented the dispersion_x000D_ of the course ring, also had the opportunity to realize the course teaching method_x000D_ he had built with these ten experienced students. Ebû Hanîfe grouped the_x000D_ students according to their levels and formed three different course rings. Ebû_x000D_ Hanîfe introduced methods such as lesson learning brainstorming, discussion,_x000D_ debate and negotiation in his lessons. Ebû Hanîfe successfully applied the case_x000D_ study method, also called practice in today's legal education. He developed the_x000D_ course method of his teacher and operated the course ring like a fiqh academy._x000D_ Ebû Hanîfe provided a democratic educational environment for his students, and_x000D_ students were able to express their thoughts freely in this environment.Although the idea of fiqh and method of founder Ebû Hanîfe is very important in the formation of the Hanefi sect, the works of the first-generation students also play an important role. As it is known, when Ebû Hanîfe was unable to answer a question in the fiqh area when he was interested in the subjects of the science of Kelam, He started the lessons of Hammâd b. Ebû Süleyman. He continued his fiqh collection for nearly twenty years alongside his teacher. When his teacher passed away, he became the head of the class by the request of his classmates. Ebû Hanîfe, who wanted the lessons to pass efficiently, required at least ten of his classmates to attend the lessons. With this request, he prevented the dispersion of the course ring, also had the opportunity to realize the course teaching method he had built with these ten experienced students. Ebû Hanîfe grouped the students according to their levels and formed three different course rings. Ebû Hanîfe introduced methods such as lesson learning brainstorming, discussion, debate and negotiation in his lessons. Ebû Hanîfe successfully applied the case study method, also called practice in today's legal education. He developed the course method of his teacher and operated the course ring like a fiqh academy. Ebû Hanîfe provided a democratic educational environment for his students, and students were able to express their thoughts freely in this environment. "Цель данного исследования - изучить роль, функцию бюрократии в демократизации и ее отношение к этому процессу. В связи с этим в этом историческом исследовании, посвященном изучению про- цесса демократизации в Турции от провозглашения республики до перехода к многопартийной системе, с теоретической точки зрения кратко рассматриваются отношения между бюрократией и демократией. Вслед за этим исследовано формирование бюро- кратической традиции управления, занимающей важное место в политической жизни Турции, а также роль бюрократии в процессе демократизации в однопартийный период и изменения, которые произошли в этом процессе с переходом к многопартийной си- стеме. В заключении показано, что в турецком контексте наблю- дается дилемма между бюрократией и демократией, бюрократия негативно повлияла на процесс демократизации, она была более эффективной в однопартийный период, а власть бюрократии была относительно ослаблена с переходом к многопартийности. Тем не менее, традиция бюрократической опеки сохранилась до наших дней, и эта ситуация наносит ущерб процессу демократизации.;This study aims to scrutinize the role, function and the attitude of the bureaucracy in the process of democratization. In this context, this historical study examining the process of democratization in Turkey from the proclamation of the republic to the transition to a multiparty system briefly discusses the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy from a theoretical perspective. Afterwards, the formation of a bureaucratic management tradition, which has an important place in Turkish political life, has been mentioned in this historical research, which has a significant place in Turkish political life, has been addressed. The role of the bureaucracy in the process of democratization during the one-party period and the change that has occurred in this process with the transition to a multi-party system were subsequently examined. In conclusion, in the Turkish context it is observed that there is a dilemma between bureaucracy and democracy, the bureaucracy had negatively affected the process of democratization, it was more effective in one-party period, and the power of bureaucracy was relatively weakened with the transition to a multi-party system. Yet, the tradition of bureaucratic tutelage has lasted its effects to this day and this situation harm the process of democratization." "al-Asbât in Islamic thought is a controversial concept among Shia and Sunni schools. Sunni school believes that they all were the brothers of Prophet Joseph and were Prophets. Yet, Shia school rejects the idea that al-Asbât were Prophets, due to the big sins they committed. Some of Shia sholars think that al-Asbât were Wasiyy (Legatee) of Prophets. Sheikh Ali Hasan Galum adds a new idea to al-Asbât by arguing the similarity between the concept of al-Asbât in Quran with those Judges in Torah. He gives the concept of Judges and al-Asbât as a reference to Twelve Imams. This article, after explaining the concept of Judges in Judaism, will deal with the concept of al-Asbât in Sunni sources. After that it will explain the meaning of al-Asbât generally in Shia thought. Then it will touch upon the similarity of the Judges with the concept of Twelve Imams which has handled for the first time by Sheikh Galum in Shia thought.

Dscussions of the Renewal of Jurisprudence Fundamentals in the Modern Agei

Bu makalede fıkıh usûlünün yenilenmesi konusunda modern dönemde ileri sürülen farklı görüşler incelenmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren İslam dünyasında tecdit, ihya ve ıslah gibi farklı isimlerle anılan birtakım girişimler söz konusu olmuş ve Müslümanların Batı karşısındaki geri kalışı konusunda farklı görüşler ve çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada yenilenme konusundaki görüşleri ile öne çıkan dört ekolün temel fikir ve temsilcileri ana hatlarıyla tanıtılmıştır. Söz konusu ekoller “çağdaş akılcı ekol”, “realist ekol”, “modernist ekol” ve “tarihselci ekol” şeklinde belirtilebilir. Çalışmamızda bu ekollerin fıkıh usulünün yenilenmesine dair görüş ve önerileri, geleneksel usûle yönelttiği eleştiriler ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Usûlün yenilenmesi konusundaki görüşleri mahiyetleri itibarıyla “klasik fıkıh usûlünün işlevsizliğini ve gereksizliğini”, “fıkıh usûlünü çağa uyarlama”, “fıkıh usûlünün şeklî ve tali kaynaklarını yenileme” ve “fıkıh usulünü tarihsel açısından yenileme” eğilimi şeklinde belirtmek mümkündür. Her bir eğilimin temsilcileri tanıtılacak ve usule yönelik teklifleri serdedilip değerlendirilecektir.The research takes views on the subject of renewal in the origins of jurisprudence in modern times. At the end of the nineteenth century, calls for renewal began to appear with names such as renewal, renaissance and reform and Muslims began to write their proposals, solutions and opinions to keep pace with Western civilization. Most of the renewal was related to the fundamentals of jurisprudence in the last century. In this article there are four schools of innovation were introduced in theology and the most important personalities and their views. These schools are modern school, rational school, historical school and modernist school. The article also focuses on the traditionalist views, suggestions and criticism. The opinions of scientists are sorted in four directions. The first trend revolves around the discontinuation of the use of the principles of jurisprudence. In secondary evidence such as custom and interest. The last section concerns the areas of renewal

Population genetic and evolution analysis of Vibrio isolated from Turkish fish farms

The genus Vibrio includes important pathogenic species for human and aquatic organisms such as Vibrio cholera, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. anguillarum or V. harveyi. At present, Vibrionaceae family consists of >190 described species, classified into nine genera. Vibrio are widespread in shellfish, finfish and marine ecosystems and show resourceful ecologies, which recognized as one of the most diverse bacterial groups for illuminating the genome evolution. In the present study, to clarify the relationship among aquatic species in the genus, a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and typing (MLST) approach was applied to characterize 51 Vibrio isolates from Turkish fish farms, 146 strains deposited in the PubMLST database and 59 type strains from GenBank. For all studied isolates (n = 256), diversity analysis, population structure, determination of recombination, demographic history and gene flow were performed based on the MLST scheme. Vibrio isolates, subjected to the study, showed a high diversity within the Vibrio population and also genetic interactions into the genus. We found 17 new described sequence types by MLST analysis that were isolated from rainbow trout, sea bream and sea bass in Turkish fish farms, which clearly indicate that the genes underwent recombination frequently. While predominant sequence types were found in the presented study, differences of genotypes need to be evaluated in a disease situation or preventing measurements. The findings about genetic recombination possibly helps to understand differences of Vibrio infections in fish. Furthermore, elucidating of genetic variability within species shed light on providing effective measurements in aquaculture by vaccine production and drug applicationsThis research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [No: 118O420]. This research was carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the 2012-14/04 Local Ethics Commission report. We are pleased to Dollvet Veterinary Vaccine Pharmaceutical Biological Substance Production Industry and Trade Inc. for supporting us with strainsS

Effect of octreotide on oxidative stress in the erythrocyte and kidney tissue in adriamycin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option

Characterization of antagonistic and plant growth-promoting traits of endophytic bacteria isolated from bean plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) is a seed-borne bacterium which causes halo blight disease in common bean. This study aimed the determination of plant growth-promoting traits (such as IAA, phosphate solubilization) and antagonistic potentials (such as siderophore and ammonia productions) of endophytic plant growthpromoting bacteria (PGPB) from healthy bean plants growing in different regions against Psp in vitro conditions. A total of 131 bacteria were primarily characterized as putative PGPB and tested for antagonist activity against Psp in dual culture tests. Seventy-one bacterial isolates demonstrated antagonistic activities against Psp isolate in varying ratios. Among these 71 isolates, 30 representative bacterial isolates from the different regions/fields were selected. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics and confirmation by MALDI-TOF analyses, 30 endophytic antagonist isolates were identified as belonging to 10 genera, 24 different species. According to results obtained, 10 isolates belong to Bacillus spp., 6 isolates belong to Pseudomonas spp., 4 isolates belong to Rhizobium radiobacter, 2 isolates belong to Arthrobacter spp., 2 isolates belong to Achromobacter spanius, 2 isolates belong to Serratia liquefaciens, 1 isolate belongs to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Exiguobacterium sp., Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. The largest and lowest inhibition zone was produced by endophytic bacterial isolates Pseudomonas gessardii (4.85) and Bacillus licheniformis (1.35). Among the tested antagonist bacterial isolates, 10 isolates were positive for the production of α-amylase, 7 isolates positive for phosphate solubilization, 29 isolates positive for siderophore production, 11 isolates positive for protease production. All selected bacterial isolates produced IAA and ammonia in relatively varying amounts. P. gessardii produced a relatively large amount of extracellular siderophore (5.83), Exiguobacterium sp. produced a relatively large amount of extracellular protease (5.25), P. gessardii and O. anthropi produced a relatively large amount of extracellular IAA (161.39 µg/ml) and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus produced a relatively large amount of phosphatase (2.63). This is the first study reporting bean plants harbor endophytes having plant growth promoting activities with antagonistic potential against Ps

İleri yaş başlangıçlı romatoit artritli olguların klinik ve sero-immünolojik özellikleri

Bu tezin, veri tabanı üzerinden yayınlanma izni bulunmamaktadır. Yayınlanma izni olmayan tezlerin basılı kopyalarına Üniversite kütüphaneniz aracılığıyla (TÜBESS üzerinden) erişebilirsiniz.27 ÖZET Literatürde erken yaş başlangıçtı RA ( EBRA, > 16, 55 yaş ) ve geç yaş başlangıçtı RA ( GBRA, >= 55 yaş ) olgular arasında klinik ve immünolojik farklılıklar olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmaya EÜTF İç Hastalıkları Kliniğinde yatarak veya romotoloji polikliniğince ayaktan izlenen, rastgele seçilmiş 38 GBRA ve 128 EBRATı olgu alınmış ve olguların ARA kriterlerine uygun olmalarına özen gösterilmiştir. Olguların klinik, serolojik ve radyolojik özellikleri karşılaştırılmış ve 78 olgunun da HLA klas II tiplemesi çalışılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler için Student's t test, Fisher's exact test ve x2 testleri kullanıldı. Aile öyküsü, K/E oranı, sinsi başlangıç, seropozitiflik, baker kisti, EBRA grubunda daha sık bulundu ( p> 0.05 ). Diğer taraftan; konstitüsyonel semptomlar ( ateş, halsizlik, kilo kaybı ), akut başlangıç GBRA grubunda daha sık bulundu ( p> 0.05 ). Hastalık başlangıcında ve izlemlerde eklem tutuluş özelliği ( simetrik, asimetrik ) yönünden iki grup arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadı. Eritrosit sedimentasyon oranı GBRA grubunda anlamlı bir şekilde yüksek bulundu ( p 0.05 ). İki grup arasında romatoid nodul, entezopati ve sabah tutukluğu yönünden farklılık saptanmadı. Her iki grup oral kontraseptif kullanımı ve doğum sayısı yönünden değerlendirildiğinde; bu parametrelerin hastalık başlangıç yaşı ve hastalığın diğer klinik ve laboratuvar verilerini etkilemediğini görmekteyiz. Her nekadar doğum sayısı 3'ün üzerinde olan EBRA hastalarında ortalama hastalık başlangıç yaşı 40, 3'ün altında 34 olarak saptanması, doğum sayısının hastalık başlangıç yaşını28 arttırıyor gibi izlenim veriyorsa da bu özelliğin grup içinde yer alan olguların kronolojik yaşlarından kaynaklanıyor olması daha olası görünmektedir. Olgularımızın doku tipi dağılımları incelendiğinde; DR4 ve DR9 sıklığı kontrol grubundan yüksek bulundu ( p 0.05, p 0.001 ). Relatif hastalık risk oranı DR 9 için 3.6, DR 4 için 1.8 bulundu. DR 4 ve DR 9 sıklığı ile erken başlangıç, Rf pozitifliği, eklem harabiyeti ve ekstra artiküler tutuluş yönünden bir farklılık saptanmadı. Bu sonuçlar; olgularımızda HLA klas II allellerinin hastalık ciddiyetinden çok, hastalığa yatkınlaştıran bir belirleyici olduğunu düşündürmektedir. ÖZETLERSEK, olgularımızda; 1. Aile öyküsü, K/E oranı, sinsi başlangıç, seropozitiflik, baker kisti, EBRA grubunda daha sık bulundu ( p> 0.05 ). 2. Konstitüsyonel semptomlar ( ateş, halsizlik, kilo kaybı ), akut başlangıç GBRA grubunda daha sık bulundu ( p> 0.05 ). 3. Hastalık başlangıcında ve takiplerde eklem tutuluş özelliği ( simetrik, asimetrik ) yönünden iki grup arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadı. 4. İki grup arasında romatoid nodul, entezopati ve sabah tutukluğu yönünden farklılık saptanmadı. 5. Eritrosit sedimentasyon oranı GBRA grubunda anlamlı bir şekilde yüksek bulundu ( p 0.05 ).29 6. Olgularımızın doku tipi dağılımları incelendiğinde; DR4 ve DR9 sıklığı kontrol grubundan yüksek bulundu ( p 0.05, p 0.001 ). 7. Relatif hastalık risk oranı DR 9 için 3.6, DR 4 için 1.8 bulundu. DR 4 ve DR 9 sıklığı ile erken başlangıç, Rf pozitifliği, eklem harabiyeti ve ekstra artiküler tutuluş yönünden bir farklılık saptanmad

Şafii’nin kıyas anlayışı

ŞÂFİÎ'NİN KIYAS ANLAYIŞI Fıkıh usulüne dair günümüze kadar ulaşan ilk eser er-Risâle’nin yanısıra geniş hacimli bir furu-ı fıkıh eseri olan el-Ümm’ün sahibi olan Şafiî, bağımsız bir fıkıh ekolünün temellerini atmanın ötesinde İslam hukuk metodolojisi üzerinde derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Şafiî’nin ictihad ve kıyas kavramlarını eş anlamlı olarak kullanmış olması farklı yorumlara sebep olmuştur. Kimi islam hukukçuları ve araştırmacılar Şafiî’nin rey ictihadını kıyasa indirgeyerek dinde insan aklına verilen önemi sınırlandırdığını, kıyas dışında rey ictihadının kapsamında bulunan istihsan, istislah vb. gibi diğer prensipleri devre dışı bıraktığını söylemişlerdir. Bu görüşte olanlara göre Şafiî “kıyas” kavramını, fıkıh usulünde bilinen anlamıyla kullanmaktadır. Buna karşılık usul literatüründe ilk dönemlerden bu yana Şafiî’nin kıyas kavramını maslahat, istihsan vb. prensipleri de kapsayacak şekilde kullandığına dair ifadelere rastlamak mümkündür. Ne var ki bu araştırmacıların büyük bir bölümünde Şâfiî'nin teorik açıklamaları ile yetinilmiş, teorik görüşlerin uygulamaya nasıl geçtiği üzerinde nedense pek durulmamıştır. Araştırmalarımız Şâfiî'nin gerek teorik açıklamaları gerekse uygulamaları onun kullanımındaki kıyas sözcüğünün, sonraki dönemde usul literatüründe yer alan kıyastan daha genel olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu anlamda onun kıyas kavramının kapsamına usulî/şer'î kıyas, kimi yorum faaliyetleri ve genel prensip ictihadı girmektedir. Biz kıyasın yalnızca teorik boyutu değil aynı zamanda örnekler bazında uygulaması üzerinde durarak usul kitaplarında kıyas konusunun sayılı birkaç örneğe hasredilmesinin kıyasın verimliliği konusunda ortaya çıkarabileceği tereddütleri gidermek ve bu konudaki tartışmalara ışık tutmak istedik. Yine usulün anahtar kavramlarından birinin usule dair ilk eserde ve ilk dönem uygulamasında nasıl algılandığını ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Çalışmalarımız sonucu elde ettiğimiz izlenim Şâfiî'nin akıl ve vahiy arasındaki dengeyi başarılı bir şekilde kurabildiğidir. ABSTRACT QIYAS IN AL-SHAFİÎ'S LEGAL THOUGHT Al-Shafiî is the author of the al-Risâla which is the first book came upon today in the history of Islamic legal theory. He is also the writer of al-Umm. He is not only the founder of a legal school, but also has very important effects on Islamic legal theory. Al-Shafiî uses qiyas and ijtihad as synonims in his theoretical statements. This usage caused different comments by the legal authorities. Some of them claimed that al-Shafii limited the role of reason (aql) by this usage, because he regarded istihsan, istislâh and other principles as illegal. For these authorities both of qiyas and ijtihad have the same meaning in al-Shafiî's legal theory and this meaning is analogical reasoning. On the opposite side it is possible to find some statements by some other authorities thet express al-Shafiî's usage of qiyas includes istislah, istihsan and some other legal principles. It seems that many of the authotorities contended with al-Shafiî's theoretical statements in his book al-Risala but they didn't show enough interest in his practice in al-Umm. Our study aims to show that the meaning of qiyas in both al-Shafiî's theoretical statements and practices is more general than the one in the legal theory literature. His usage of qiyas includes the analogical reasoning in legal theory literature (al-qiyasu'l-usulî), some of the interpretation activities and ijtihad by general principles. In our study we attached importance in the usage of qiyas in practical examples as much as its usage in theorical statements to remove the hesitations that can arrise in the minds about the productivity of qiyas because of its limited usage in the literature. We wanted to shed light on the arguments about this subject. We also wanted to show how the usage of one of the key terms regarded in the first book and in the early times of Islamic jurisprudence. In the end of our study our impression is that al-Shafiî setted up a successful balance between the reason and the revelation