406 research outputs found
Classification and Geometry of General Perceptual Manifolds
Perceptual manifolds arise when a neural population responds to an ensemble
of sensory signals associated with different physical features (e.g.,
orientation, pose, scale, location, and intensity) of the same perceptual
object. Object recognition and discrimination requires classifying the
manifolds in a manner that is insensitive to variability within a manifold. How
neuronal systems give rise to invariant object classification and recognition
is a fundamental problem in brain theory as well as in machine learning. Here
we study the ability of a readout network to classify objects from their
perceptual manifold representations. We develop a statistical mechanical theory
for the linear classification of manifolds with arbitrary geometry revealing a
remarkable relation to the mathematics of conic decomposition. Novel
geometrical measures of manifold radius and manifold dimension are introduced
which can explain the classification capacity for manifolds of various
geometries. The general theory is demonstrated on a number of representative
manifolds, including L2 ellipsoids prototypical of strictly convex manifolds,
L1 balls representing polytopes consisting of finite sample points, and
orientation manifolds which arise from neurons tuned to respond to a continuous
angle variable, such as object orientation. The effects of label sparsity on
the classification capacity of manifolds are elucidated, revealing a scaling
relation between label sparsity and manifold radius. Theoretical predictions
are corroborated by numerical simulations using recently developed algorithms
to compute maximum margin solutions for manifold dichotomies. Our theory and
its extensions provide a powerful and rich framework for applying statistical
mechanics of linear classification to data arising from neuronal responses to
object stimuli, as well as to artificial deep networks trained for object
recognition tasks.Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures, Supplementary Material
An Information Maximization Approach to Overcomplete and Recurrent Representations
The principle of maximizing mutual information is applied to learning overcomplete and recurrent representations. The underlying model consists of a network of input units driving a larger number of output units with recurrent interactions. In the limit of zero noise, the network is deterministic and the mutual information can be related to the entropy of the output units. Maximizing this entropy with respect to both the feedforward connections as well as the recurrent interactions results in simple learning rules for both sets of parameters. The conventional independent components (ICA) learning algorithm can be recovered as a special case where there is an equal number of output units and no recurrent connections. The application of these new learning rules is illustrated on a simple two-dimensional input example
Short-Term Memory in Orthogonal Neural Networks
We study the ability of linear recurrent networks obeying discrete time
dynamics to store long temporal sequences that are retrievable from the
instantaneous state of the network. We calculate this temporal memory capacity
for both distributed shift register and random orthogonal connectivity
matrices. We show that the memory capacity of these networks scales with system
size.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. Let
An empirical analysis of smart contracts: platforms, applications, and design patterns
Smart contracts are computer programs that can be consistently executed by a
network of mutually distrusting nodes, without the arbitration of a trusted
authority. Because of their resilience to tampering, smart contracts are
appealing in many scenarios, especially in those which require transfers of
money to respect certain agreed rules (like in financial services and in
games). Over the last few years many platforms for smart contracts have been
proposed, and some of them have been actually implemented and used. We study
how the notion of smart contract is interpreted in some of these platforms.
Focussing on the two most widespread ones, Bitcoin and Ethereum, we quantify
the usage of smart contracts in relation to their application domain. We also
analyse the most common programming patterns in Ethereum, where the source code
of smart contracts is available.Comment: WTSC 201
Subextensive singularity in the 2D Ising spin glass
The statistics of low energy states of the 2D Ising spin glass with +1 and -1
bonds are studied for square lattices with , and =
0.5, where is the fraction of negative bonds, using periodic and/or
antiperiodic boundary conditions. The behavior of the density of states near
the ground state energy is analyzed as a function of , in order to obtain
the low temperature behavior of the model. For large finite there is a
range of in which the heat capacity is proportional to .
The range of in which this behavior occurs scales slowly to as
increases. Similar results are found for = 0.25. Our results indicate that
this model probably obeys the ordinary hyperscaling relation , even though . The existence of the subextensive behavior is
attributed to long-range correlations between zero-energy domain walls, and
evidence of such correlations is presented.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures; final version, to appear in J. Stat. Phy
A Logic of Blockchain Updates
Blockchains are distributed data structures that are used to achieve
consensus in systems for cryptocurrencies (like Bitcoin) or smart contracts
(like Ethereum). Although blockchains gained a lot of popularity recently,
there is no logic-based model for blockchains available. We introduce BCL, a
dynamic logic to reason about blockchain updates, and show that BCL is sound
and complete with respect to a simple blockchain model
Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks
Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies have demonstrated how to securely implement
traditionally centralized systems, such as currencies, in a decentralized
fashion. However, there have been few measurement studies on the level of
decentralization they achieve in practice. We present a measurement study on
various decentralization metrics of two of the leading cryptocurrencies with
the largest market capitalization and user base, Bitcoin and Ethereum. We
investigate the extent of decentralization by measuring the network resources
of nodes and the interconnection among them, the protocol requirements
affecting the operation of nodes, and the robustness of the two systems against
attacks. In particular, we adapted existing internet measurement techniques and
used the Falcon Relay Network as a novel measurement tool to obtain our data.
We discovered that neither Bitcoin nor Ethereum has strictly better properties
than the other. We also provide concrete suggestions for improving both
systems.Comment: Financial Cryptography and Data Security 201
On the distribution of barriers in the spin glasses
We discuss a general formalism that allows study of transitions over barriers
in spin glasses with long-range interactions that contain large but finite
number, , of spins. We apply this formalism to the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick
model with finite and derive equations for the dynamical order parameters
which allow ''instanton'' solutions describing transitions over the barriers
separating metastable states. Specifically, we study these equations for a
glass state that was obtained in a slow cooling process ending a little below
and show that these equations allow ''instanton'' solutions which erase
the response of the glass to the perturbations applied during the slow cooling
process. The corresponding action of these solutions gives the energy of the
barriers, we find that it scales as where is the reduced
temperature.Comment: 8 pages, LaTex, 2 Postscript figure
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