Solidaires, unitaires et démocratiques: social movement unionism and beyond?

A contribution to a Special Issue on trade union renewal that focuses on this topic in relation to the radical French trade union Solidaires, Unitaires et Démocratiques (SUD)

KG2B, a collaborative benchmarking exercise for estimating the permeability of the Grimsel granodiorite - Part 1: Measurements, pressure dependence and pore-fluid effects

Measuring the permeability of tight rocks remains a challenging task. In addition to the traditional sources of errors that affect more permeable formations (e.g. sample selection, non-representative specimens, disturbance introduced during sample acquisition and preparation), tight rocks can be particularly prone to solid–fluid interactions and thus more sensitive to the methods, procedures and techniques used to measure permeability. To address this problem, it is desirable to collect, for a single material, measurements obtained by different methods and pore-fluids. For that purpose a collaborative benchmarking exercise involving 24 laboratories was organized for measuring the permeability of a single low permeability material, the Grimsel granodiorite, at a common effective confining pressure (5 MPa). The objectives of the benchmark were: (i) to compare the results for a given method, (ii) to compare the results between different methods, (iii) to analyze the accuracy of each method, (iv) to study the influence of experimental conditions (especially the nature of pore fluid), (v) to discuss the relevance of indirect methods and models and finally (vi) to suggest good practice for low permeability measurements. In total 39 measurements were collected that allowed us to discuss the influence of (i) pore-fluid, (ii) measurement method, (iii) sample size and (iv) pressure sensitivity. Discarding some outliers from the bulk data set (4 out of 39) an average permeability of 1.11 × 10−18 m² with a standard deviation of 0.57 × 10−18 m² was obtained. The most striking result was the large difference in permeability for gas measurements compared to liquid measurements. Regardless of the method used, gas permeability was higher than liquid permeability by a factor approximately 2 (kgas = 1.28 × 10−18 m² compared to kliquid = 0.65 × 10−18 m²). Possible explanations are that (i) liquid permeability was underestimated due to fluid-rock interactions (ii) gas permeability was overestimated due to insufficient correction for gas slippage and/or (iii) gases and liquids do not probe exactly the same porous networks. The analysis of Knudsen numbers shows that the gas permeability measurements were performed in conditions for which the Klinkenberg correction is sufficient. Smaller samples had a larger scatter of permeability values, suggesting that their volume were below the Representative Elementary Volume. The pressure dependence of permeability was studied by some of the participating teams in the range 1–30 MPa and could be fitted to an exponential law k = ko.exp(–γPeff) with γ = 0.093 MPa−1. Good practice rules for measuring permeability in tight materials are also provided

Pulsed flying spot with the logarithmic parabolas method for the estimation of in-plane thermal diffusivity fields on heterogeneous and anisotropic materials

A novel thermal non-destructive technique based on a Pulsed Flying Spot is presented here by considering in-plane logarithmic processing of the relaxing temperature field around the heat source spot. Recent progress made in optical control, lasers, and infrared cameras permits the acquisition of 2D temperature fields and localized thermal excitation on a small area instead of the entire recorded image. This study focuses on a new method based on spatial logarithm analysis of a temperature field to analyse and measure different parameters, such as the in-plane thermal diffusivity and localization of the spot. In this paper, this method is presented and the first results of heterogeneous anisotropic materials are depicted. The in-plane thermal diffusivity is estimated with an error lower than 4%, and the initial location of the heating spot is determined. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

Variable temperature EPR study of Fe2+ spin transition in Cu2+ doped Fe(trz)(Htrz)(2) (BF4)

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Variable temperature EPR study of Fe2+ spin transition in Cu2+ doped Fe(trz)(Htrz)(2) (BF4)

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Fe2+ spin transition in Fe(trz)(Htrz)(2) (BF4) as evidenced by a variable temperature EPR study

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Fe2+ spin transition in Fe(trz)(Htrz)(2) (BF4) as evidenced by a variable temperature EPR study

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Fe2+ spin transition in [Fe(trz)(Htrz)(2)](BF4) as evidenced by a variable temperature EPR study

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