In-vitro study of formulation and evaluation of nanosuspension of tamoxifen

Background: Nanosuspension technology has been developed as a promising candidate for efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs. It could maintain the required crystalline state of the drug with reduced particle size, leading to an increased reporting on dissolution rate and therefore improved bioavailability.Methods: In this paper, we report on the preparation of Tamoxifen nanosuspension by high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The aim is to obtain a stable nanosuspension with an increased drug saturation solubility and dissolution velocity. The morphology and particle size distribution of the modified nanosuspensions were characterized by the means of several analyses that included: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X- ray diffractometry (XRD).Results: HPH was employed to produce aqueous drug nanosuspensions with fine solubility and dissolution properties, which render the produced particles stable up to one month. In addition, the prepared nanosuspensions possessed a high drug-loading efficiency (10%). The recoded zeta potential values (≈ -27 mV) indicated that the prepared nanosuspensions possess a higher degree of long-term stability. TEM data showed narrow size distribution with average size 322.7 nm. Morphologically, as indicated from results, the produced nanosuspensions have a homogenous distribution even after redispersion, indicating the stability of the product.Conclusions: It was possible to obtain Tamoxifen nanosuspensions with fine solubility and dissolution properties. Nanosuspensions possessed a high drug- loading (10%), which could reduce the dosage administration and gastrointestinal side effects. HPH can be employed to produce aqueous drug nanosuspensions that are stable up to one month. Aqueous nanosuspension can be converted to dry nanocrystals by lyophilization which offer superior physicochemical properties

Three Dimensional Casson nanofluid Flow with Convective Boundary Layer via Stretching Sheet

The present work examined Casson nanofluid in a three-dimensional boundary layer motion via stretching sheet. The study focuses on analyzing the behavior of a Casson nanofluid, which is one type of non-Newtonian fluid. The study appears to involve solving partial differential equations related to fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer. These PDEs are transformed into ordinary differential equations using standard similarity variables. To solve the ODEs, the researchers employ the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (R-K-F) 4th order iterative scheme. It appears that higher values of the Biot number can significantly affect the temperature and concentration profiles in the Casson liquid flow

Transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing Arabidopsis NPR1 show enhanced resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

In Arabidopsis, non-expressor of pathogenesis related genes-1, NPR1 has been shown to be a positive regulator of the salicylic acid controlled systemic acquired resistance pathway and modulates the cross talk between SA and JA signaling. Transgenic plants expressing AtNPR1 constitutively exhibited resistance against pathogens as well as herbivory. In the present study, tobacco transgenic plants expressing AtNPR1 were studied further for their response to infection by the sedentary endoparasitic root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against the root-knot nematode infection. Prominent differences in the shoot and root weights of wild type and transgenic plants were observed post-inoculation with M. incognita. This was associated with a decrease in the number of root galls and egg masses in transgenic plants compared to WT. The transgenic plants also showed constitutive and induced expression of some PR protein genes, when challenged with M. incognita

SRI-A Method for Sustainable Intensification of Rice Production with Enhanced Water Productivity

Climate change induced higher temperatures will increase crops’ water requirements. Every 10°C increase in mean temperature, results in 7% decline in the yield of rice crop. Hence, there is a need to develop water saving technologies in rice which consumes more than 50% of the total irrigation water in agriculture. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is one such water saving rice production technology. Experiments were conducted at different locations in India including research farm of Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Hyderabad, during 2005-10 to assess the potential of SRI in comparison to normal transplanting/Standard Planting (NTP/SP) under flooded condition. SRI recorded higher grain yield (6 to 65% over NTP) at majority of locations. Long term studies clearly indicated that grain yield was significantly higher (12-23% and 4-35% over NTP in Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively) in SRI (with organic+inorganic fertilizers) while the SRI (with100% organic manures), recorded higher yield (4-34%) over NTP only in the Rabi seasons. Even though, SRI resulted in higher productivity, the available nutrient status in soil was marginally higher (10, 42 and 13% over NTP for N, P and K, respectively) at the end of four seasons. There was a reduction in the incidence of pests in SRI and the relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes was low in SRI as compared to the NTP. About 31% and 37% saving in irrigation water was observed during Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively in both methods of SRI cultivation over NTP. SRI performed well and consistently reduced requirement of inputs such as seed and water in different soil conditions. SRI method, using less water for rice production can help in overcoming water shortage in future and it can also make water available for growing other crops thus promoting crop diversificatio

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Not AvailableSeveral species of Hirschmanniella have been reported in association with irrigated rice all over the world. In India, H. oryzae and H. mucronata are the dominant species infecting the rice crop. Rice root nematode is a problem mainly in irrigated and semi - deep - water rice. This Chapter reviews the current status of economic importance, distribution, host range, symptoms of damage, biology, integrated approaches for the management of rice root nematode.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe effect of 14 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 6 herbicides used commonly in a rice ecosystem on mortality of infective stage juveniles (J2) of the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, is reported in-vitro bioassays. Among the insecticides studied more than 50 per cent mortality was recorded with cartap hydrochloride, monocrotophos, chlorpyriphos and azadirachtin with a mean juvenile mortality of 100.00, 84.50, 70.50 and 80.00 per cent, respectively at 96 h post-exposure. Among the fungicides, more than 50 per cent mortality of J2 was observed with propiconazole (81.43%) and mancozeb (57.14%) at 96 h after exposure. Among herbicides, bispyribac sodium and pendimethalin resulted in 95.72 and 67.86 per cent mortality of J2 at 96 h of incubation. The insecticide cartap hydrochloride (50% SP) caused 100 per cent mortality of J2 within 24 h of exposure.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe compatibility of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica with 14 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 7 herbicides commonly used in rice ecosystems was investigated under laboratory conditions. The effect of these chemicals on nematode viability and virulence upon direct exposure to chemicals at recommended concentrations was studied. H. indica was tolerant to most of the insecticides tested with less than 10% nematode mortality observed in all insecticides except monocrotophos (19.5%) and cartap hydrochloride (100%) after 72 h of exposure. Less than 10% mortality was observed in all fungicides tested except tricyclazole (14.5%) and carbendazium +mancozeb (21.5%) after 72 h of exposure to fungicides. Nematode mortality in case of herbicides ranged from 3.5% to 18% after 72 h of exposure. Insecticides showed only a marginal effect on the virulence of H. indica. Mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae in all the treatments was more than 90% except in treatments with chlorpyrifos (80%) and monocrotophos (60%) treated infective juveniles after 48 h. These results show that H. indica is compatible with all the tested agrochemicals except monocrotophos and cartap hydrochloride among insecticides, tricyclazole and carbendazium+mancozeb among fungicides, and pendimethalin among herbicides.Not Availabl

Primary aneurysmal bone cyst of patella

Of all the aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) occurring in the body, less than 1% are seen in the patella. We report here, a 27-year-old woman with Stage III ABC of patella. Curettage, chemical and thermal cautery of the bed followed by autogenous bone grafting of the defect was done. At two-year follow up, there was a suspicion of lucency in the middle of the patella. However a repeat curettage revealed only fibrous tissue. Now at four years of follow up, the bone graft remained well incorporated. Patient has mild anterior knee pain on stair climbing but regained normal knee function

Trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation

We report a case of recurrent patellar dislocation with high-grade trochlear dysplasia which persisted despite two previous operations. We did a Dejour's sulcus deepening trochleoplasty, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, and lateral retinacular release. Trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is required in patients with high grade trochlear dysplasia