Outbreak of Pneumonia in the Setting of Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis among US Army Trainees: Potential Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Compared to the civilian population, military trainees are often at increased risk for respiratory infections. We investigated an outbreak of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia that was recognized after 2 fatal cases of serotype 7F pneumococcal meningitis were reported in a 303-person military trainee company (Alpha Company).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We reviewed surveillance data on pneumonia and febrile respiratory illness at the training facility; conducted chart reviews for cases of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia; and administered surveys and collected nasopharyngeal swabs from trainees in the outbreak battalion (Alpha and Hotel Companies), associated training staff, and trainees newly joining the battalion.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among Alpha and Hotel Company trainees, the average weekly attack rates of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia were 1.4% and 1.2% (most other companies at FLW: 0-0.4%). The pneumococcal carriage rate among all Alpha Company trainees was 15% with a predominance of serotypes 7F and 3. <it>Chlamydia pneumoniae </it>was identified from 31% of specimens collected from Alpha Company trainees with respiratory symptoms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although the etiology of the outbreak remains unclear, the identification of both <it>S. pneumoniae </it>and <it>C. pneumoniae </it>among trainees suggests that both pathogens may have contributed either independently or as cofactors to the observed increased incidence of pneumonia in the outbreak battalion and should be considered as possible etiologies in outbreaks of pneumonia in the military population.</p

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Soltis, Jonas F. The Disciplines and Subject Matter, pp. 17-34 in his An Introduction to the Analysis of Educational Concepts. Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1968.

Analyzes these two concepts in the manner of a philosophical analyst. Also contained in 2nd edition, 1978

Filsafat pendidikan sejak pertengahan abad ini

xii, 158 hal.; 23 cm

Soltis, Jonas F., On the Nature Educational Research, Educational Researcher, 13(December, 1984), 5-10.*

Contrasts empirical, interpretive, critical, and normative inquiry in education

An introduction to the analysis of educational concepts

xv, 128 hal.; 20 cm

Soltis, Jonas F., The Concept of Valid Content, pp. 20-30 in Edmund C. Short, ed., A Search for Valid Content for Curriculum Courses . Educational Comment 1970. Toledo, OH: College of Education, University of Toledo, 1970.

Engages in conceptual analysis of the term valid content in curriculum

An introduction to the analysis of educational concepts /

Bibliogr.: p. 93-10

Feinberg, Walter, and Jonas F. Soltis, The Hidden Curriculum Revisited, pp. 59-71 in Walter Feinberg and Jonas F. Soltis, School and Society . New York: Teachers College Press, 1985.

Examines the nature and practice of the hidden curriculum

Approaches to Teaching

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