38 research outputs found

    Factors for increasing strength of composite materials based on fine high-calcium fly ash

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    Industrial high-calcium fly ashes obtained by burning Kansk-Achinsk coal at a thermal power plant and selected from different fields of electrostatic precipitators of an ash collecting plant were studied as the basis for composite binders (CB). The main factors influencing the properties of such CBs are the particle size, the concentration of superplasticizer at a water:binder (w/b) ratio of 0.25, and the proportion of HCFA in the mixture with cement. In particular, for cementless CBs at w/b 0.4, it was found that a change in the particle size d90 from 30 μm to 10 μm leads to an increase in compressive strength by more than 2 times – from 5.5–14 MPa to 11–36 MPa, accordingly, with a curing age of 3–300 days. The 0.12% additive of Melflux 5581F superplasticizer at w/b 0.25 increases the compressive strength – up to 14–32 MPa and up to 24–78 MPa, accordingly. The HCFA-cement blends were investigated in the range of 60–90% HCFA and the maximum compressive strength 77 MPa at 28 days of hardening was found at 80% HCFA. On the basis of 80% HCFA blend with the 0.3% addition of Melflux 5581F and 5% silica fume, the specimens of ultra-high strength (108 MPa at 28 days of hardening) were obtained

    Synthesis and structure of analcime and analcime-zirconia composite derived from coal fly ash cenospheres

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    Cubic analcime and analcime-zirconia composite with the Si/Al ratio of 2.04 and 2.16, respectively, was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of coal fly ash cenospheres (Si/Al = 2.7) at 150° C. The scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), synchronous thermal analysis (STA) methods were used to study the morphology, composition and structure of the products. Two main types of analcime bearing particles were obtained, such as hollow microspheres with attached analcime icositetrahedra of 5–50 mm in size and individual analcime crystals of a narrow particle size distribution (Dm = 41 mm) with incorporated zirconia (4.8 wt% Zr). The high quality of the crystalline fractions allowed an accurate full-profile PXRD analysis of complete analcime crystal structure and composition including anisotropic displacement parameters of all atoms and H-positions of water molecules

    Influence of Temperature and Duration of α-Fe2O3 Calcination on Reactivity in Hydrogen Oxidation

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    Исследовано влияние температуры и продолжительности прокаливания однофазных образцов гематита со структурой α-Fe2O3 на окислительную способность в отношении водорода в режиме температурно-программируемой реакции в интервале 40–900 °C. Показано, что температура прокаливания является существенным фактором, влияющим на реакционную способность решеточного кислорода в окислении водорода. Образцы α-Fe2O3, прокаленные при 800–900 °C, проявляют наибольшую активность, процесс восстановления α-Fe2O3 в этих образцах протекает через стадию восстановления до магнетита, с последующим полным восстановлением до металла через совмещение стадий восстановления оксидов. Прокаливание образцов α-Fe2O3 при 1000–1100 °C приводит к существенному снижению окислительной способности, восстановление α-Fe2O3 начинается при температурах на 50–100 °C выше, идет без выделения отдельных стадий восстановления, полное восстановление α-Fe2O3 до металла в исследованных условиях не происходит. Установлено, что с увеличением температуры прокаливания образцов возрастает рентгенографическая плотность α-Fe2O3, что свидетельствует о снижении степени разупорядочения кристаллической решетки, которое приводит к росту энергии связи решеточного кислорода и существенному снижению реакционной способности α-Fe2O3 в окислении водородаThe effect of temperature and duration of calcination of single-phase samples of hematite with the α-Fe2O3 structure on the oxidizing ability with respect to hydrogen in the temperature-programmed reaction mode in the temperature range of 40–900 °C was studied. It is shown that the calcination temperature is a significant factor affecting the reactivity of lattice oxygen in the oxidation of hydrogen. Samples of α-Fe2O3, calcined at 800–900 °C, show the highest activity, the process of α-Fe2O3 reduction in these samples proceeds through the stage of reduction to magnetite, followed by complete reduction to metal through the combination of reduction stages of oxides. The calcination of α-Fe2O3 samples at 1000–1100 °C leads to a significant decrease in the oxidizing ability, the α-Fe2O3 reduction initiates at temperatures 50–100 °C higher, proceeds without separating individual reduction stages of oxide, there is no complete reduction of α-Fe2O3 under the studied conditions. It has been established that with an increase in the calcination temperature of the hematite samples, the X‑ray density of α-Fe2O3 increases, which indicates a decrease in the degree of crystal lattice disorder and an increase in the binding energy of lattice oxygen and manifests itself in a significant decrease in the reactivity of α-Fe2O3 in the oxidation of hydroge

    DSC+TG and XRD Study of Order-Disorder Transition in Nonstoichiometric Sr-Gd-Cobaltate

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    Методами термического и рентгеноструктурного анализа в интервале температур 1100- 1473 К изучен процесс взаимопревращения тетрагонального перовскита Sr(0.8)Gd(0.2) CoO(3-d) с упорядоченным расположением катионов Sr/Gd и анионных вакансий в кубическую разупорядоченную модификацию. Показано, что фазовое превращение протекает как размытый фазовый переход первого рода. Процесс разупорядочения не зависит от скорости нагрева и контролируется термодинамическими характеристиками процессов в кристалле, тогда как процесс образования упорядоченной тетрагональной структуры контролируется кинетическими факторами. Проведен количественный анализ температурной зависимости теплоемкости на основе размытых фазовых переходовProcess of interconversion of tetragonal Sr(0.8)Gd(0.2)CoO(3-d) (with ordered Sr/Gd cations and anion vacancies) to cubic one (with disordered structure) was studied by X-ray structural and thermal analysis at 1100-1473 K. It was shown that the transformation is a first order diffuse phase transition. The ramp rate does not affect cation and anion vacancies disordering which is controlled by thermodynamic parameters of the processes in the solid whereas cubic to tetragonal transition is kinetically controlled. A theory of diffuse phase transition was applied to quantitatively analyze heat capacity temperature dependenc

    Structure and sorption properties of a zeolite-templated carbon with the EMT structure type

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    International audienceAn ordered microporous carbon material was prepared by the nanocasting process using the EMC-2 zeolite (EMT structure type) as a hard template. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed long-range ordering in the material that resulted from the negative replication of the host template. The carbon porous network replicating the zeolite structure was modeled by overlapped spherical voids with diameters determined from the XRD pattern that displayed up to six distinct peaks. The surface delimiting the 3D interconnected porosity of the solid has a complex morphology. The pore size distribution calculated from the XRD-derived structural model is characterized by a maximum at 1.04 nm related to the long-range-ordered microporous network. Complementary studies by immersion calorimetry revealed that most of the porosity was characterized by a size above 1.5 nm. These porous features were compared to data resulting from classical analysis (DR, DFT, BET, etc.) of the N2 (77 K) and CO2 (low and high pressure, 273 K) physisorption isotherms. The limitations of these approaches are discussed in light of the pore size distribution consistently determined by XRD and immersion calorimetry measurements

    Study of Mobile Oxygen in Ordered/Disordered Nonstoichiometric Sr-Gd-Cobaltate by Simultaneous Thermal Analysis

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    Методом синхронного термического анализа (ДСК/ТГ/масс-спектрометрия) при переменном парциальном давлении кислорода изучены разупорядоченная кубическая и упорядоченная по А-позициям тетрагональная фазы Sr-Gd-кобальтата (Sr/Gd=4). Показано, что упорядочение А-катионов приводит к снижению энтальпии отщепления О2, преимущественной локализации образовавшейся вакансии в одной из четырёх неэквивалентных позиций аниона О2- и снижению количества подвижного кислорода, удаляемого при изменении парциального давления О2. Наблюдаемые различия в свойствах мобильного кислорода и каталитической активности в реакции глубокого окисления метана для упорядоченной/разупорядоченной фазы перовскита обсуждены с позиций изменения доли анионов О2- с различным локальным окружением, содержащим от 0 до 4 катионов гадолинияSimultaneous thermal analysis (DSC/TG/mass-spectroscopy) under variable pressure was applied to study properties of mobile oxygen in cubic disordered and tetragonal A-site ordered Sr-Gd-cobaltate (Sr/Gd=4). It was shown that A-site cation ordering results in a decrease of an enthalpy of oxygen elimination, predominant localization of created anion vacancies only at one of four unequivalent crystallographic O-sites and depletion of amount of mobile oxygen, which can be removed at a reduced pressure. The observed properties of mobile oxygen and catalytic activity in reaction of methane deep oxidation for ordered/disordered perovskite phases are discussed in connection with a local environment of O2- crystallographic sites with a different number of Gd3+ cations nearb

    Study of Mobile Oxygen in Ordered/Disordered Nonstoichiometric Sr-Gd-Cobaltate by Simultaneous Thermal Analysis

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    Методом синхронного термического анализа (ДСК/ТГ/масс-спектрометрия) при переменном парциальном давлении кислорода изучены разупорядоченная кубическая и упорядоченная по А-позициям тетрагональная фазы Sr-Gd-кобальтата (Sr/Gd=4). Показано, что упорядочение А-катионов приводит к снижению энтальпии отщепления О2, преимущественной локализации образовавшейся вакансии в одной из четырёх неэквивалентных позиций аниона О2- и снижению количества подвижного кислорода, удаляемого при изменении парциального давления О2. Наблюдаемые различия в свойствах мобильного кислорода и каталитической активности в реакции глубокого окисления метана для упорядоченной/разупорядоченной фазы перовскита обсуждены с позиций изменения доли анионов О2- с различным локальным окружением, содержащим от 0 до 4 катионов гадолинияSimultaneous thermal analysis (DSC/TG/mass-spectroscopy) under variable pressure was applied to study properties of mobile oxygen in cubic disordered and tetragonal A-site ordered Sr-Gd-cobaltate (Sr/Gd=4). It was shown that A-site cation ordering results in a decrease of an enthalpy of oxygen elimination, predominant localization of created anion vacancies only at one of four unequivalent crystallographic O-sites and depletion of amount of mobile oxygen, which can be removed at a reduced pressure. The observed properties of mobile oxygen and catalytic activity in reaction of methane deep oxidation for ordered/disordered perovskite phases are discussed in connection with a local environment of O2- crystallographic sites with a different number of Gd3+ cations nearb
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