Race at the margins: A Critical Race Theory perspective on race equality in UK planning.

Despite evidence of the growing ethnic diversity of British cities and its impact on urban governance, the issue of racial equality in UK planning remains marginal, at best, to mainstream planning activity. This paper uses Critical Race Theory (CRT) to consider the reasons why the ‘race’ and planning agenda continues to stall. CRT, it is argued, offers a compelling account of why changes in practice over time have been patchy at best, and have sometimes gone into reverse

A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies

Background The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. Methodology and Principal Findings Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? Conclusions and Significance We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites

Selvitys energiaköyhyydestä

Termillä energiaköyhyys viitataan usein heikossa taloudellisessa asemassa olevien kotitalouksien mahdollisuuksiin selviytyä energiakustannuksista. Energiaköyhyydelle ei ole olemassa yhtä yhtenäistä määritelmää ja myös energiaköyhyyden aiheuttamiin ongelmiin vastataan erilaisin tavoin. Tässä selvityksessä tarkastellaan energiaköyhyyden merkitystä Suomessa. Selvityksessä määritellään energiaköyhyyden käsite ja kartoitetaan kuinka suurta osaa ja minkälaisia kotitalouksia energiaköyhyys voi koskea. Lisäksi selvityksessä arvioidaan miten energiaköyhyyden aiheuttamiin haasteisiin vastataan ja miten niihin olisi tarkoituksenmukaisinta vastata. Arvioinnissa otetaan huomioon muun muassa jo olemassa olevat erilaiset tukijärjestelmät, kuten erilaiset investointituet, asumismenoja alentavat ja toimeentuloa turvaavat tuet sekä energiamarkkinalainsäädäntöön sisältyvä kuluttajansuoja. Selvityksessä kuvataan myös nykytilannetta ja ratkaisukeinoja energiaköyhyyden aiheuttamiin haasteisiin eräissä muissa EU-maissa. Selvityksen mukaan energiaköyhyys koskettaa Suomessa pientä osaa kotitalouksista osana muuta köyhyyttä. Energiaköyhyyden riskiryhmänä korostuvat lähinnä taajama-alueen ulkopuolella isoissa energiatehottomissa asunnoissa asuvat pienituloiset kotitaloudet. Selvitys sisältää toimenpide-ehdotuksia ja suosituksia energiaköyhyysongelman ehkäisemiseksi ja ratkaisemiseksi

A comprehensive overview of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

The concept of radioguided surgery, which was first developed some 60 years ago, involves the use of a radiation detection probe system for the intraoperative detection of radionuclides. The use of gamma detection probe technology in radioguided surgery has tremendously expanded and has evolved into what is now considered an established discipline within the practice of surgery, revolutionizing the surgical management of many malignancies, including breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer, as well as the surgical management of parathyroid disease. The impact of radioguided surgery on the surgical management of cancer patients includes providing vital and real-time information to the surgeon regarding the location and extent of disease, as well as regarding the assessment of surgical resection margins. Additionally, it has allowed the surgeon to minimize the surgical invasiveness of many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, while still maintaining maximum benefit to the cancer patient. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the history, technical aspects, and clinical applications of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology