A Privacy-Preserving, Context-Aware, Insider Threat prevention and prediction model (PPCAITPP)

The insider threat problem is extremely challenging to address, as it is committed by insiders who are trusted and authorized to access the information resources of the organization. The problem is further complicated by the multifaceted nature of insiders, as human beings have various motivations and fluctuating behaviours. Additionally, typical monitoring systems may violate the privacy of insiders. Consequently, there is a need to consider a comprehensive approach to mitigate insider threats. This research presents a novel insider threat prevention and prediction model, combining several approaches, techniques and tools from the fields of computer science and criminology. The model is a Privacy- Preserving, Context-Aware, Insider Threat Prevention and Prediction model (PPCAITPP). The model is predicated on the Fraud Diamond (a theory from Criminology) which assumes there must be four elements present in order for a criminal to commit maleficence. The basic elements are pressure (i.e. motive), opportunity, ability (i.e. capability) and rationalization. According to the Fraud Diamond, malicious employees need to have a motive, opportunity and the capability to commit fraud. Additionally, criminals tend to rationalize their malicious actions in order for them to ease their cognitive dissonance towards maleficence. In order to mitigate the insider threat comprehensively, there is a need to consider all the elements of the Fraud Diamond because insider threat crime is also related to elements of the Fraud Diamond similar to crimes committed within the physical landscape. The model intends to act within context, which implies that when the model offers predictions about threats, it also reacts to prevent the threat from becoming a future threat instantaneously. To collect information about insiders for the purposes of prediction, there is a need to collect current information, as the motives and behaviours of humans are transient. Context-aware systems are used in the model to collect current information about insiders related to motive and ability as well as to determine whether insiders exploit any opportunity to commit a crime (i.e. entrapment). Furthermore, they are used to neutralize any rationalizations the insider may have via neutralization mitigation, thus preventing the insider from committing a future crime. However, the model collects private information and involves entrapment that will be deemed unethical. A model that does not preserve the privacy of insiders may cause them to feel they are not trusted, which in turn may affect their productivity in the workplace negatively. Hence, this thesis argues that an insider prediction model must be privacy-preserving in order to prevent further cybercrime. The model is not intended to be punitive but rather a strategy to prevent current insiders from being tempted to commit a crime in future. The model involves four major components: context awareness, opportunity facilitation, neutralization mitigation and privacy preservation. The model implements a context analyser to collect information related to an insider who may be motivated to commit a crime and his or her ability to implement an attack plan. The context analyser only collects meta-data such as search behaviour, file access, logins, use of keystrokes and linguistic features, excluding the content to preserve the privacy of insiders. The model also employs keystroke and linguistic features based on typing patterns to collect information about any change in an insider’s emotional and stress levels. This is indirectly related to the motivation to commit a cybercrime. Research demonstrates that most of the insiders who have committed a crime have experienced a negative emotion/pressure resulting from dissatisfaction with employment measures such as terminations, transfers without their consent or denial of a wage increase. However, there may also be personal problems such as a divorce. The typing pattern analyser and other resource usage behaviours aid in identifying an insider who may be motivated to commit a cybercrime based on his or her stress levels and emotions as well as the change in resource usage behaviour. The model does not identify the motive itself, but rather identifies those individuals who may be motivated to commit a crime by reviewing their computer-based actions. The model also assesses the capability of insiders to commit a planned attack based on their usage of computer applications and measuring their sophistication in terms of the range of knowledge, depth of knowledge and skill as well as assessing the number of systems errors and warnings generated while using the applications. The model will facilitate an opportunity to commit a crime by using honeypots to determine whether a motivated and capable insider will exploit any opportunity in the organization involving a criminal act. Based on the insider’s reaction to the opportunity presented via a honeypot, the model will deploy an implementation strategy based on neutralization mitigation. Neutralization mitigation is the process of nullifying the rationalizations that the insider may have had for committing the crime. All information about insiders will be anonymized to remove any identifiers for the purpose of preserving the privacy of insiders. The model also intends to identify any new behaviour that may result during the course of implementation. This research contributes to existing scientific knowledge in the insider threat domain and can be used as a point of departure for future researchers in the area. Organizations could use the model as a framework to design and develop a comprehensive security solution for insider threat problems. The model concept can also be integrated into existing information security systems that address the insider threat problemInformation ScienceD. Phil. (Information Systems

에티오피아 고추의 유전적 다양성 분석 및 고추에서의 Up 유전자 연관 유전자지도 작성

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 원예학과,2020. 2. Kang, Byoung Cheorl .에티오피아 유전자 은행에 보존된 고추 유전자원의 다양성 연구와 고추 과실의 기원을 조절하는 유전적 요인들을 이해하는 것은 육종에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 작물 유전자원의 다양성의 구조와 깊이를 연구하는 것은 이용가능 한 유전적 자원의 실용화와 보존에 매우 필수적이다. 에티오피아에서 고추는 매우 경제적이고 사회적 중요성을 가진 작물임에도 불구하고, 단일염기다형성(SNP) 마커를 이용한 유전적 다양성에 관련한 자세한 연구는 제한적이다. 따라서, 에티오피아 고추 유전자원의 다양성과 유전적 구조를 조사하기 위해, 에티오피아 생물다양성 연구소에서 수집하고 유지된 총 142 종에 대하여 평가하였다. 우리는 53,284 genome wide SNP 분자마커를 genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)를 이용하여 발견하여 검증하였다. 우리는 모델 기반의 집단 구조, 계통도, 주성분 분석을 사용하여 C. annuum 과 C. frutescens를 각각 132종과 9종의 두 개의 뚜렷한 집단으로 확인하였다. 이 밖에도, 전장유전체 연관 분석 (GWAS) 결과로 과실, 줄기, 잎 관련 특성과 크게 연관된 509개의 SNP 마커를 발견하였다. 전반적으로, 이 연구는 보존과 육종이라는 관점에서 에티오피아 고추 종에 존재하는 유전적 다양성을 이해하는데 유용할 것이다. 고추의 과실방향에서 두개의 주요한 시장으로, pendant와 upright가 있다. 과실의 Pendant 와 upright 방향 그리고 드물게 발생하는 중간형은 집단의 구조에 따라 과실이 달리기 전과 후에 쉽게 구별되어지는 형태학적 가변성을 판별하는 것이다. 고추 핵심 집단 (core collection)에서 GWAS 분석을 통한 highly significant SNP와 3개의 양친형 집단 (bi-parental population)으로부터 유전자를 발견하는 것은 염색체 7번에 존재하는 과실의 방향성을 조절하는 유전자좌의 맵핑 구역을 좁혀가는 것을 가능하게 한다. 추가로 분자 마커를 개발하고, 과실 방향에 기초하는 후보 유전자를 분리하기 위해, Capsicum annuum LA F2 mapping population 을 사용하여 fine mapping을 수행하였다. 450 individuals로 구성된 LA F2 mapping population은 양친형 라인인 C. annuum LP97 and A79의 교배를 통해 개발되었다. 유전자 분석 결과 상향 과실 방향의 포현형은 단일 열성 유전자 Up에 의하여 조절됨을 나타냈다. Up 유전자좌의 fine mapping을 위해 150개의 SNP 분자마커가 사용되었다. 유전자 분석 결과 상향 과실 방향의 포현형은 단일 열성 유전자 Up에 의하여 조절됨을 나타냈다. Up 유전자좌의 fine mapping을 위해 150개의 SNP 분자마커가 사용되었다. 이 두개의 마커 서열은CM334 유전체에 정렬되었으며, Up 유전자좌는 101kb genomic region으로 구분되었다. 대상 지역에서 13개의 후보유전자가 예측되었다. 후보유전자의 CDS 영역인 Zinc finger MYM-type protein 1-like는 66과 75 위치의 두 개의 비 동의 염기치환과, 첫번째 뉴클레오타이드의 104bp 에서 104b에서 한 개의 염기 결실을 나타내었다. 이러한 돌연변이는 12개의 parental line과 5개의 종에서 일관되게 관찰되었다. 따라서 이 유전자는 Up 유전자좌에 매우 유력한 후보유전자였다. 이 연구를 통해 얻은 정보는 분자표지 기반 선발을 통하여 조기 과실 방향 결정으로 고추 품종의 특성과 육종에 대한 추가 연구를 촉진할 것이다.Diversity study of Capsicum germplasms preserved in the Ethiopian Gene bank and understanding genetic factors that controls the fruit orientation in pepper can provide important information for breeding. Investigating the extent and structure of crop germplasm diversity is essential for the conservation and utilization of the available genetic resources. Despite the great economic and social importance of pepper in Ethiopia, detailed studies of the genetic diversity using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers is limited. Thus, with the objective of investigating the variability and genetic structure of Ethiopian pepper germplasms, a total of 142 accessions which were collected and maintained by the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute were evaluated. We identified and validated 53,284 genome wide SNP molecular markers using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Employing model based population structure, phylogenetic tree and principal coordinate analysis, we identified C. annuum and C. frutescens as two distinct genetic populations with 132 and 9 accessions, respectively. Besides this, genome wide association (GWAS) analysis detected 509 SNP markers that were significantly associated with fruit, stem and leaf-related traits. Overall, this report is useful to understand the genetic variability existed in Ethiopian Capsicum species, for its conservation and breeding. There are specific known markets for the two major fruit orientation in pepper, i.e. pendant and upright. Pendant and upright position with rare occurrence of intermediate orientation of pepper fruit is a distinguishing morphological variability that can be easily recognized before or after the fruit is set, depending on the population types. Identification of genes from three different bi-parental populations and highly significant SNP positions from GWAS analysis of Capsicum core collection enable us to narrow down the mapping region of fruit orientation controlling the locus in chromosome 12. To further develop molecular markers and isolate the candidate gene underlying fruit orientation, fine mapping was performed using Capsicum annuum LA F2 mapping population. The LA F2 mapping population consisting of 450 individuals was developed from the cross between parental lines C. annuum LP97 and A79. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of the up fruit orientation was controlled by a single recessive gene, Up. One hundred fifty SNP markers were used for fine mapping of the Up locus. High-resolution genetic mapping of these markers in Karia F2 mapping population placed Redu0119 and SAR201-1386 at genetic distances of 0.8 and 0.6 cM, respectively, on either side of the Up locus. These two marker sequences were aligned to the CM334 genome and the Up locus was delimited to a 101 kb genomic region. Fifteen candidate genes were predicted in the target region. Overall, there were a total of 31 conservative amino acid substitutions, due to 18 non-synonymous and 13 synonymous nucleotide switches. The first CDS region of the candidate gene, Zinc finger MYM-type protein 1-like has displayed one non-synonymous nucleotide substitution at 106 bp and one nucleotide deletion at 104 bp. Therefore, Zinc finger MYM-type protein 1-like was the most likely candidate gene for the Up locus. The information obtained here will facilitate further research on the trait and breeding of pepper varieties with the early determination of fruit orientation through marker-assisted selection.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I Genetic Diversity of Ethiopian Capsicum spp 12 ABSTRACT 13 INTRODUCTION 15 MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 Plant materials 20 Morphological characterization and statistical analysis 23 DNA extraction and library construction for genotyping by sequencing 24 HRM-PCR amplification and data analysis 25 Sequencing data analysis, SNP identification and genome-wide association analysis 28 Genetic diversity and population structure analysis 29 Phylogenetic and principal-coordinate analyses 30 RESULTS 31 Species identification based on HRM genotyping 31 Qualitative and quantitative morphological characterization 33 GBS and single-nucleotide polymorphisms 41 Genetic diversity 44 Analysis of molecular variance 46 Population structure 48 Molecular phylogenetic and principal-coordinate analysis 50 GWAS for selected traits 52 DISCUSSION 61 REFERENCES 67 CHAPTER II Fine mapping of the Up gene controlling fruit orientation in pepper (Capsicum spp.) 76 ABSTRACT 77 INTRODUCTION 79 MATERIALS AND METHODS 82 Plant materials 82 Growing conditions and phenotyping 82 Light microscopic observation 83 Genomic DNA extraction 83 Genotyping-by-sequencing 84 Development of SNP markers and linkage analysis of molecular markers 84 PCR amplification and localization of the Up gene 86 Gene cloning and sequencing 87 RESULTS 89 Fruit orientation in pepper and its temporal change 89 Pedicel morphology in segregation population and its correlation with other related traits 90 Inheritance analysis of fruit position 91 Localization of the target region for Up locus 100 Fine-mapping of Up locus and validation of markers 107 Confirmation of sequence variations in candidate genes 113 Phylogenic analysis 122 DISCUSSION 124 REFERENCES 130 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 137Docto

Gastrointestinal helminths and their predisposing factors in different poultry management systems; Haromaya, Ethiopia

Among several diseases, gastrointestinal parasites affect poultry production through retarded growth and reduced productivity. The severity varies according to management system and associated predisposing factors. Epidemiology of chicken gastrointestinal helminths were studied using coprological and necropsy examination, with the objectives to estimate the prevalence, identify species of helminths and associated predisposing factors in Haromaya town from November 2011 to April 2012. Fecal samples from selected chicken were collected from both intensive and extensive farms. Coprological examination on 384 chicken and 24 post mortem examinations were conducted. Out of 384 samples examined, 51.8% were positive of which a high prevalence of 110(28.6%) Ascaridia galli followed by 33(8.6%) of Heterakis gallinarum, 11(2.8%) of Raillietina species and 44(11.5%) mixed infection were recovered. Factors for the occurrence of GIT helminths were investigated using logistic regression models; where each assumed predisposing factor analyzed using uni-variable and followed by multi-variable logistic regression to determine the interaction and power of influence among factors. Accordingly, statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed when prevalence of helminths compared with breed, sex, age and management system separately using univariable logistic regression; whereas, when all predisposing factors subjected together using multi-variable backward stepwise analysis, it showed that the odds of local, Fayoumi and White Leghorn breeds had odds of (OR= 6.4, 50.8 and 6.9) more likely to be affected than Bovan Brown breed with significant difference (p<0.05). Male birds were 1.9 times more likely to be affected than female birds and birds in extensive management system were 2.8 times more likely to be affected than intensive farming system. The study indicated that  gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths were more prevalent in extensive management system than in intensive management system, the finding was associated with poor management system or due to poor bio-security. Therefore, there is a need to improve hygienic situation, especially in area where extensive management system prevails.Keywords: Gastrointestinal; Haromaya; Helminths; Poultry; Production system

The nominal group technique for participating communities in analyzing rural town water and sanitation situation

Abstract: To explore sanitation problems and their causes, a series of independent group discussions was conducted with residents of a rural town stratified into seven social levels using the Nominal Group [Discussion] Technique (NGT). Indiscriminate open field defecation and garbage disposal were the two most mentioned and ranked problem items followed by unsanitary food and drink services. The top identified cause items were absence of public latrines, failure of the municipality to control town sanitation and absence of solid waste disposal facilities. A Combined group gave the highest Median Agreement Score (MAS) of 10. The smallest median agreement was scored by Youth and Health workers' groups (MAS=6.5) for mentioned, and by youth and Ordinary residents'groups (MAS=4.5) for ranked problem items. Health workers' group (group 7) ranked MAS of 5. The MAS for causes of sanitation problems of the Combined group was 8 for mentioned, and MAS of 4 for ranked items. Development workers ought to give due recognition to communal stratification when making need assessment for better realignment of diverse view points and interests during project development. Modifying and validating NGT for a broader use in assessing community health problems and needs is suggested. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1997;11(1):37-42