175 research outputs found
Orientation, substructure, and optical properties of rutile films
The orientation, optical properties, and substructure of rutile films prepared by thermal and pulsed photon assisted oxidation of single crystal Ti films were investigated by transmission electron micros copy, optical spectroscopy, and high energy electron diffractionyesBelgorod State Universit
The Significance of the 2005 UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation
INTRODUCTION. The research analyzes the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (Basic Principles and Guidelines) of December 16, 2005. The Article examines the stages of the adoption of this document, the concept, structure, basic provisions, as well as the importance for the development of modern international law, particularly in the field of human rights protection and international humanitarian law. Consequently, the Article provides a detailed analysis of the approach to the central subject of this document, that is, the right to a remedy and reparation, which is expressed in practical application by universal and regional bodies on human rights and in the field of humanitarian law. In this regard, the position of the right to a remedy and reparation in the complex of human rights is determined, as well as their interconnection and relation to each other.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The theoretical researches of the Russian and foreign experts in the field of international law have been analyzed in this very Article as well as the normative documents, recommendations, and decisions of the treaty bodies on human rights within the UN system, the law enforcement practice of universal and regional judicial and quasi-judicial bodies for the protection of human rights and in the field of international humanitarian law have also been studied. Such methods of scientific cognition as analysis and synthesis, the generalization method, the system-structural method, as well as the historical-legal and legal-technical methods have also been applied in this research.RESEARCH RESULTS. The Article reveals the significance and impact of the mechanism developed in the Basic Principles and Guidelines, in general, on the international human rights system. The Basic Principles and Guidelines are an international document, developed with the best practice of existing legal systems. It was adopted unanimously through the consensus reached by all parties concerned. The Basic Principles and Guidelines are aimed at codifying the provisions on the right to a remedy and reparation enshrined in various international treaties and as well as at developing a unified approach to these rights. Thus, the said international instrument does not create any new rules but classifies and uniforms the set of provisions on the right to a remedy and reparation. This nature of the Basic Principles and Guidelines makes them an attractive tool for international bodies in their law enforcement practice related to ensuring the right to a remedy and reparation. DISCUSSION ANDCONCLUSSIONS. The Basic Principles and Guidelines enshrine the responsibility of States in the field of human rights protection, when the second party to the conflict is individual, or individuals whose rights have been or may be violated. Therefore, the Basic Principles are focused on the interests of the victim of a violation of human rights, that is, they are deliberately humanistic and human rights oriented. The document provides a classification of victims to more adequately cover human rights mechanisms that ensure the protection of persons, individually or collectively. Further, it pays special attention to the protection of victims of gross violations of human rights. In addition, the Basic Principles and Guidelines list and describe forms of reparation for the victims of human rights violations
Orientation, substructure, and optical properties of rutile films
The orientation, optical properties, and substructure of rutile films prepared by thermal and pulsed photon assisted oxidation of single crystal Ti films were investigated by transmission electron micros copy, optical spectroscopy, and high energy electron diffractionyesBelgorod State Universit
Complete conversion between one and two photons in nonlinear waveguides: Theory of dispersion engineering
High-efficiency photon-pair production is a long-sought-after goal for many optical quantum technologies, and coherent photon conversion (CPC) processes are promising candidates for achieving this. We show theoretically how to control coherent conversion between a narrow-band pump photon and broadband photon pairs in nonlinear optical waveguides by tailoring frequency dispersion for broadband quantum frequency mixing. We reveal that complete deterministic conversion as well as pump-photon revival can be achieved at a finite propagation distance. We also find that high conversion efficiencies can be realised robustly over long propagation distances. These results demonstrate that dispersion engineering is a promising way to tune and optimise the CPC process. Β© 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.Australian Research Council,Β ARC: DE180100070,Β DP160100619,Β DP190100277,Β FT170100399;Β Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation,Β Minobrnauka: AAAA-A18-118020190095-4The authors acknowledge the support by the Australian Research Council (DE180100070, DP160100619, DP190100277). NKL is funded by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT170100399). Batalov S V acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (the theme βQuantumβ, No. AAAA-A18-118020190095-4)
Development of the Nickel-Refining Production at Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta Oy in GMK Norilsk Nickel
Abstract: As a result of the innovative solutions found due to the joint efforts of Russian and Finnish researchers, the recovery of nonferrous and precious metals in Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta was significantly increased (%): the recovery of Ni was increased to 98.7; that of Cu, to 99.5; Pt, to 99.6; and Pd to 99.6. Simultaneously, a copper cake (one of the main commercial products) of an improved composition, namely, (%) 57β62 Cu, <3 Ni, 8β11 Fe, was produced. The arsenic content in the copper cake was decreased from 1.5β2 to 0.15β0.3%. The largest projects are as follows: stage-by stage implementation of a matte-free technology with simultaneous modification of the matte line for processing converter matte; the development of a jarosite technology of iron deposition from a nickel solution, which decreased the irreversible losses of nonferrous and precious metals with a waste iron cake as much as possible (the losses of nickel and cobalt were decreased by 11 times; those of copper, by 23 times; platinum, by 16%; palladium, by 10%; rhodium, by 9%; gold, by 12%); and the building and introduction of carbonate processing, which allowed the production of nickel cathodes to be increased. As a result of the measures taken to redistribute raw materials, the mattes of slag-cleaning furnaces, which contained 35β40% Fe, were moved to KGMK. This integration solution led to a significant synergy effect in Nornickel. One of the key factors of the economic efficiency of the matte-free technology was a decrease in the specific consumption of the main reagents (oxygen, air, sulfuric acid) and the energy resources used for the manufacture of nickel products. As a result, the transaction costs were decreased by ~3.5 mln dollars per year. Β© 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
Tomography of quantum dots in a non-hermitian photonic chip
Β© 2019 IEEE. Quantum optical information systems offer the potential for secure communication and fast quantum computation. To fully characterise a quantum optical system one has to use quantum tomography [1]. Integration of quantum optics onto photonic chips provides advantages such as miniaturisation and stability, and also significantly improves quantum tomography using both re-configurable [2], and more recently, simpler static designs [3,4]. These on-chip designs have, so far, only used probabilistic single photon sources. Here we are working towards quantum tomography using a true deterministic source - a quantum dot. The scheme of the proposed experiment is shown in Fig. 1A. So far we have fabricated and characterised the performance of an InGaAs quantum dot monolithically integrated into a microlens [5], and completed the design, fabrication and classical characterisation of a photonic chip for quantum tomography
Π§Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°-ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏβΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π² Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡΒ»
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ti-Al. Π Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ.The Research of process reacting, initiated contact melting powder mixtures in the example
of the interaction in the system Ti-Al, was executing by methods of computational experiment.
Features obtain stable solutions of the mathematical models were investigated using the available
experimental thermodynamic quantities and dependencies.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Ti-Al. Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°
A research facility and a technique for measuring the basic parameters of surface ionization of organic compounds were developed. For a series of organic compounds of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and arsenic the key parameters of surface ionization were determined.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Biphoton generation in quadratic waveguide arrays: A classical optical simulation
Quantum entanglement, the non-separability of a multipartite wave function,
became essential in understanding the non-locality of quantum mechanics. In
optics, this non-locality can be demonstrated on impressively large length
scales, as photons travel with the speed of light and interact only weakly with
their environment. With the discovery of spontaneous parametric down-conversion
(SPDC) in nonlinear crystals, an efficient source for entangled photon pairs,
so-called biphotons, became available. It has recently been shown that SPDC can
also be implemented in nonlinear arrays of evanescently coupled waveguides
which allows the generation and the investigation of correlated quantum walks
of such biphotons in an integrated device. Here, we analytically and
experimentally demonstrate that the biphoton degrees of freedom are entailed in
an additional spatial dimension, therefore the SPDC and the subsequent quantum
random walk in one-dimensional (1D) arrays can be simulated through classical
optical beam propagation in a two-dimensional (2D) photonic lattice. Thereby,
the output intensity images directly represent the biphoton correlations and
exhibit a clear violation of a Bell-type inequality
- β¦