Comparing between Hysteresis Current Controller and Space Vector Modulation of Field Oriented Control when Driving PMSM

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Shoreline Changes Due to Construction of Alexandria Submerged Breakwater, Egypt

Sediment Transport and Morphodynamic

Optimum Remedial Operation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

In critical systems, the reliability of the drive is very important. The faults are unwanted. The faults may be lead to loss of the human life and capital. This paper is addressed this problem and suggested two models to solve it. The first model doesn’t contain any special tools to improve the torque ripple and THD. The second model contains 2PI current controllers to improvement the performance at fault and remedial operation. One is for the torque and the other is for the flux. The first PI controller is feeding from the torque error between the reference and estimated torques to get new q-axis current component representing modifier current arises from uncertain things inside the machine and drive system such as temperature and parameters variations. This current will add to reference q-axis current to get robust new q-axis current to satisfy the drive requirement and solve the torque problem (ripple torque). With robust current, the total harmonic distortion is a decrease but doesn’t reach the best value so the other PI controller is used to adjust the THD. In this PI controller, the d-axis flux is compared to rotor permanent magnet flux to solve this problem arises from non-sinusoidal of the magnetic flux. The output of the PI controller is introduced to the reference d-axis current. The new d-axis current will reach the best value of THD. The simulation of the second controller is compared to the simulation of first controller to show if the second controller strong or weak. Matlab simulink is used to simulate the drive system.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i5.72

Estimating the viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity when complicated with periapical lesions

Background: The oral cavity represents a main entrance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cells. Both ACE-2 and NRP-1 receptors and TMPRSS2 have been identified in the oral cavity. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of periapical lesions and their metabolites on the expression of these critical genes. This study aims to measure the impact of periapical lesions and their unique fatty acids (FAs) metabolites on the expression of the aforementioned genes, in addition to interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene and hence SARS-CoV-2 infection loads can be estimated. Methods: Gene expression of ACE-2, NRP-1, TMPRSS2, and IL-6 was performed in periapical lesions in comparison to healthy oral cavity. Since FAs are important immunomodulators required for the lipid synthesis essential for receptors synthesis and viral replication, comparative FAs profiling was determined in oral lesions and healthy pulp tissues using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effect of major identified and unique FAs was tested on mammalian cells known to express ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 genes. Results: Gene expression analysis indicated that ACE-2, NRP-1, and TMPRSS2 were significantly upregulated in healthy clinical samples compared to oral lesions, while the reverse was true with IL-6 gene expression. Saturated and monounsaturated FAs were the major identified shared and unique FAs, respectively. Major shared FAs included palmitic, stearic and myristic acids with the highest percentage in the healthy oral cavity, while unique FAs included 17-octadecynoic acid in periapical abscess, petroselinic acid and l-lactic acid in periapical granuloma, and 1-nonadecene in the radicular cyst. Computational prediction showed that the binding affinity of identified FAs to ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and S protein were insignificant. Further, FA-treated mammalian cells showed significant overexpression of ACE-2, NRP-1 and TMPRSS2 genes except with l-lactic acid and oleic acid caused downregulation of NRP-1 gene, while 17-octadecynoic acid caused insignificant effect. Conclusion: Collectively, a healthy oral cavity is more susceptible to viral infection when compared to that complicated with periapical lesions. FAs play important role in viral infection and their balance can affect the viral loads. Shifting the balance towards higher levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene caused significant upregulation of the aforementioned genes and hence higher viral loads. On the other hand, there is a reverse correlation between inflammation and expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. Therefore, a mouth preparation that can reduce the levels of palmitic, stearic and 1-nonadecene, while maintaining an immunomodulatory effect can be employed as a future protection strategy against viral infection

Recycled Aggregate Self-curing High-strength Concrete

The use of recycled aggregates from demolished constructions as coarse aggregates for concrete becomes a need to reduce the negative effects on the environment. Internal curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement to reduce the water evaporation from concrete, increase the water retention capacity of concrete compared to the conventionally cured concrete. High strength concrete as a special concrete type has a high strength with extra properties compared to conventional concrete. In this research, the combination of previous three concrete types to obtain self-curing high-strength concrete cast using coarse recycled aggregates is studied. The effect of varying water reducer admixture and curing agent dosages on both the fresh and hardened concrete properties is studied. The fresh properties are discussed in terms of slump values. The hardened concrete properties are discussed in terms of compressive, splitting tensile, flexure and bond strengths. The obtained results show that, the using of water reducer admixture enhances the main fresh and hardened properties of self-curing high-strength concrete cast using recycled aggregate. Also, using the suggested chemical curing agent increased the strength compared to conventional concrete without curing

Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator under Different Loading Conditions

This paper proposes the configuration of a Wind Turbine generating system equipped with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). There are different types of synchronous generators, but the PMSG is chosen which has better performance due to higher efficiency and less maintenance. Since it can be used without a gearbox also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle and a reduction of costs. The model includes a wind turbine model, drive train model and PMSG model. The equations that explain their behavior have been introduced. The generator model is established in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame. The proposed Wind Turbine Generator System (WTGS) has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The PMSG is operating in stand-alone which is loaded with different types of loads. The simulation results indicate the ability of wind driven PMSG to operate over wide range of operating conditions at different loading conditions and show effect of different load types in operation. Keywords: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), Wind Turbine, Wind Energy and WTGS MATLAB/SIMULINK

Garay’s Condition of Deformed Cylindrical and Translation Surfaces in E3

The motivation of the present work is to develop the finiteness property in our work [1, 2, 3, 4] by using Garay’s condition [5]. The mean curvature flow and the finiteness property of the cylindrical surfaces in E3 are investigated. Additionally, the linear deformation of such surfaces is studied. Finally, the translation surfaces are discussed

Study of Convert Waste Stabilization Pond Geometry to Treated Wastewater Efficiency, (El- Burullus Lake, Egypt) As a Case Study

The simulation of hydrodynamics water quality in ponds is a developing tool that worth studying in order to understand their internal processes and interactions. Pond design involves several physical, hydrological, geometrical, biological and dynamic variables to provide high hydrodynamic efï¬ciency and maximum substrate utilization rates.  Computational fluid dynamic modelling (CFD) allows the combination of these factors to predict the behavior of ponds by using different configurations. In this research mathematical model developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), was formulated to simulate WQ parameter. This model was calibrated and used to simulate a scenario to improve study reach water quality in polluted lakes. The study applied on El-Burullus Lake, which is the second largest northern lake in Egypt which belongs to high eutrophic lake type and suffers from several problems. The model was run at steady and variable state with raw wastewater to study the real effect of the polluted drains, which discharge high amount of polluted wastewater into the El-Burullus Lake and know the lake situation after make baffles scenario. The major functions performed by baffles are to reduce hydraulic short-circuiting and to provide a submerged surface which can encourage the growth of attached biomass. Attached biomass growing on the surface of the baffles could increase the total mass of organisms in the pond and thus improve the treatment efficiency and therefore reduce the eutrophication rate in the pond such as (NH3-N, PO4-P and NO3-N). Results showed that there are a significant variance between the rate of NH3-N, PO4-P and NO3-N  before and after make baffles, and the overlap between baffles (L=0.50 baffle) is more efficient than no overlap. In conclusion, waste ponds and be improved easily and economically to be more efficient by making baffles in the lake which can increase the water velocity, avoided the dead zones area and reduce the eutrophic concentration

Phylogenetic characterization of two echinoid species of the southeastern Mediterranean, off Egypt

AbstractIn this study we investigated the phylogenetics of two sea urchin species, Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus from the Mediterranean Sea. Specimens were collected from the east coast of Alexandria City, Egypt. Pigmentation examination showed four sympatric color morphotypes (black, purple, reddish brown, and olive green). Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from specimens and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) were sequenced. The results showed that all black specimens constituted the species A. lixula. All other colors belonged to P. lividus, with no apparent differentiation between color morphotypes. Moreover, P. lividus showed high haplotype diversity (COI; H=0.9500 and 16S; H=0.8580) and low values of nucleotide diversity (COI; π=0.0075 and 16S; π=0.0049), indicating a high degree of polymorphism within this species. This study represents the first attempt at DNA barcoding of echinoid species in the southeast Mediterranean off the Egyptian coast, and will provide a base for future phylogenetic analyses