Una aproximación al estudio de la odontología en el mundo griego

A complete picture of the History of Dentistry in the Greek World from Homer to the Hellenistic period with a special attention to the dental growth and tooth eruption, oral patology and tooth extraction. This special medica) branch is not independent at this period, but it is contained in the History of Medicine.A complete picture of the History of Dentistry in the Greek World from Homer to the Hellenistic period with a special attention to the dental growth and tooth eruption, oral patology and tooth extraction. This special medica) branch is not independent at this period, but it is contained in the History of Medicine

Un estudio de los textos referentes a los dientes en la época romana, desde los etruscos hasta la caída del Imperio Romano

Al igual que ocurre en los tratados médicos en Grecia, no hay trabajos específicos sobre literatura dental en los autores que hacen referencia al estudio del diente, sino que sigue incluido este apartado en lo que podóamos llamar medicina general. Sin embargo, sí que podemos adelantar una diferencia clara entre los textos odontológicos en Grecia y en Roma, que se observa a través de los fragmentos que presentamos: aunque es de todos conocido que la medicina romana es una continuación de la medicina griega, de cuyas fuentes emana el conocimiento de esta área del saber, sin embargo se irá apartando paulatinamente de la trayectoria científica comenzada por la escuela de Cos, y llegará con Plinio a estar en manos de la magia y superstición. Es decir, será "más medicina" en tanto en cuanto no se vea desligada de las teoóas preconizadas por el conocimiento griego en esta materia. Y este hecho afectará también de una manera más significativa a la Odontología, como parte que es de la Medicina.With the present study we try to review the most relevant writers who, in sorne way, have focus on Dentistry. By this, we therefore want to achieve a particular vision on Dentistry in the Roman times, though it might be, somehow, a parcial one; in order to do this, we will pay more attention to what we may cal! the dental physiopatology: its constitution, diseases and treatment for the illness that may be derived from its bad condition

The ACLY inhibitor SB204990 does not alter lysine histone acetylation in mouse liver

Motivation: Acetyl-coenzyme A is a fundamental component of cell metabolism, which plays a role in energy production, macromolecular biosynthesis and protein modification. Within the mitocondria, acetyl-coenzyme A condensation with oxaloacetate generates citrate, which can be exported to the cytosol, where is cleavaged by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), producing again acetyl-coenzyme A and oxaloacetate. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm acetyl-coenzyme A is used for important cellular functions such as histone acetylation or fatty acid synthesis. Silencing or inhibition of ACLY impairs tumor growth and produces blood lipid-lowering effects. Moreover, ACLY inhibitors are reasonably well tolerated in adult animals. Thus, ACLY inhibition could represent a therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases, making its mechanistic understanding a promising field of study. Histone acetylation is a molecular mechanism that controls gene expression. Previous data has shown that global histone acetylation is latered in ACLY-deficient cell lines. Herein, we evaluated whether beneficial metabolic effects observed in mice exposed for 16 weeks to a pharmacological inhibitor of the ACLY are associated to modulations in histone acetylation in liver tissue lysates. Methods: An histone acid extraction wass conducted using the livers of mice exposed to 4 experimental conditions: standard diet, standard diet + SB (250 mg/Kg of food), high fat diet and high fat diet + SB (250 mg/Kg of food). Samples were procesed and western blots using specific antibodies of several histone-lysines were performed to evaluate potential modulations on histone acetylation levels between. Results and conclusions: Current data indicates that acetylation levels of H3K9, H3K14, H3K18, H3K56, H4K5, H4K8 are not significantly altered in the different experimental conditions. These results indicate that beneficial effects produced by ACLY inhibition are not caused by changes in histone acetylation in the liver

Mast Cell Changes the Phenotype of Microglia via Histamine and ATP

Background/Aims: Microglia are the dynamic motile phagocytes of the brain considered the first line of defense against threats or disturbances to the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia help orchestrate the immunological response by interacting with others immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) are effector cells of the innate immune system distributed in all organs and vascularized tissues, brain included. Several molecular mechanisms for potential interactions between MCs and microglia have been determined. However, the effect of MCs on regulated exocytosis and phagocytic clearance in microglia has not been explored. Methods: Cocktails of MCs mediators (MCM) obtained at 37°C and 53°C were used to induce microglia activation. Changes in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i and ATP release were studied by calcium and quinacrine fluorescence imaging. Fluorescent latex beads were used to assay phagocytosis in microglia after MCM treatment and compared to that measured in the presence of histamine, ATP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Iba-1 expression and area were quantified by immunofluorescence and histamine levels evaluated by ELISA techniques. Results: Local application onto microglia of the MC mediator cocktail elicited Ca2+ transients and exocytotic release associated with quinacrine dye de-staining. Ca2+ signals were mimicked by histamine and blocked by the H1 receptor (H1R) antagonist, cetirizine. Hydrolysis of ATP by apyrase also affected Ca2+ transients to a lesser extent. Iba-1 fluorescence, cell area and phagocytosis were enhanced by histamine through H1R. However, ATP prevented iba-1 expression and microglial phagocytosis. MCM showed combined effects of histamine and ATP, increasing the number of internalized microbeads per cell and area without raising iba1 expression. Conclusion: Our results highlight the relevance of MC-derived histamine and ATP in the modulation of secretory and phagocytic activities that would explain the heterogeneity of microglial responses in different pathological contexts.Agencia Estatal de Investigación/ProyectoJunta de Andalucí

Evaluation of the effects of a hydrogen sulfide donor on neural plasticity.

The aging brain can exhibit significant modifications related with a progressive atrophy. Previous studies have shown that this atrophy may result from a combination of dendritic regression and neuronal death (1). Age-related memory and cognitive decline have been shown to coincide frequently with morphological changes which affect the neural plasticity and number of dendritic spines in the brains of both humans and animals (2). Furthermore, many neuropathologic conditions and neurodegenerative diseases exhibit abnormalities in dendritic tree structure. Animal studies have shown that even mild prolonged stress has been observed to induce the shrinkage of dendritic fields and the loss of dendritic spines (3).Recent evidence suggest that H2S is a gasotransmitter with neuroprotective properties. In addition, a few sulfur donors have shown beneficial therapeutic effects in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases (4). Moreover, previous research in our lab suggests that a pharmacological treatment aimed at increasing intracellular H2S improves physical and metabolic health in mice. Nonetheless, the specific properties of these compounds maintaining neuron homeostasis and plasticity remain unknown.Here we aim to investigate whether modulation of intracellular H2S by a pharmacological intervention can improve neuronal plasticity in terms of morphological changes at the level of dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density. To this purpose, we will perform analyses in murine primary neuron cultures that will be treated with increasing concentrations of drug “δ”. Experimental conditions will be: untreated (0, vehicle solution), 10 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM. Cells will be maintained for 12-14 days in culture, and will be treated with compound “δ” for 48 hours. Then cells will be fixed and MAP2 immunocytochemistry analyses will be performed. Photos will be taken under a fluorescence microscope and analyzed using software ImageJ to determine the percentage of arborized area and the dendritic spine density. The results will provide us with an insight into the potential of drug “δ” as a neuroprotective agent to prevent age-related loss of neuroplasticity

Red haloBODIPYs as theragnostic agents: The role of the substitution at meso position

Three different molecular designs based on BODIPY dye have been proposed as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by the inclusion of halogen atoms (Iodine) at 2,6-positions and with extended conjugation at 3, 5-positions and varying the substitution at meso position. The synthesis is described and their main photophysical features including singlet oxygen production and triplet states were characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy (steady-state and time-correlated) and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The results were compared with the commercial Chlorin e6. The three new red-halogen-BODIPYs showed a great balance between singlet oxygen generation (ΦΔ≥0.40) and fluorescence (Φfl≥0.22) for potential application on PDT, and particularly in theragnosis. In vitro experiments in HeLa cells were done to study their performance and to elucidate the best potential candidate for PDT

Exploring BODIPY Derivatives as Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers for PDT

This minireview is devoted to honoring the memory of Dr. Thomas Dougherty, a pioneer of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT). It compiles the most important inputs made by our research group since 2012 in the development of new photosensitizers based on BODIPY chromophore which, thanks to the rich BODIPY chemistry, allows a finely tuned design of the photophysical properties of this family of dyes to serve as efficient photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen. These two factors, photophysical tuning and workable chemistry, have turned BODIPY chromophore as one of the most promising dyes for the development of improved photosensitizers for PDT. In this line, this minireview is mainly related to the establishment of chemical methods and structural designs for enabling efficient singlet oxygen generation in BODIPYs. The approaches include the incorporation of heavy atoms, such as halogens (iodine or bromine) in different number and positions on the BODIPY scaffold, and also transition metal atoms, by their complexation with Ir(III) center, for instance. On the other hand, low‐toxicity approaches, without involving heavy metals, have been developed by preparing several orthogonal BODIPY dimers with different substitution patterns. The advantages and drawbacks of all these diverse molecular designs based on BODIPY structural framework are described

Metabolic reprogramming by Acly inhibition using SB-204990 alters glucoregulation and modulates molecular mechanisms associated with aging

19 Páginas.-- 7 FigurasATP-citrate lyase is a central integrator of cellular metabolism in the interface of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. The physiological consequences as well as the molecular mechanisms orchestrating the response to long-term pharmacologically induced Acly inhibition are unknown. We report here that the Acly inhibitor SB-204990 improves metabolic health and physical strength in wild-type mice when fed with a high-fat diet, while in mice fed with healthy diet results in metabolic imbalance and moderated insulin resistance. By applying a multiomic approach using untargeted metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, we determined that, in vivo, SB-204990 plays a role in the regulation of molecular mechanisms associated with aging, such as energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, mTOR signaling, and folate cycle, while global alterations on histone acetylation are absent. Our findings indicate a mechanism for regulating molecular pathways of aging that prevents the development of metabolic abnormalities associated with unhealthy dieting. This strategy might be explored for devising therapeutic approaches to prevent metabolic diseases.This work was funded by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-funded by Fondos FEDER (PI15/00134, PI18/01590, CPII19/00023 to A.M.M.) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2021-123965OB-100 to A.M.M.). A.M.M. is funded by the Junta de Andalucía P20_00480, the Spanish Society of Diabetes, and CSIC 202220I059. M.S.K. is funded by the Nordea Foundation (#02-2017-1749), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (#NNF17OC0027812), the Neye Foundation, the Lundbeck Foundation (#R324-2019-1492), the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of Denmark (#0238-00003B). V.C.G. is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CP19/00046), co-funded by FEDER. F.M. is funded by the CIBERDEM of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. A.M.M. is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. We acknowledge the support of the group of basic research on diabetes of the Spanish Society of Diabetes.Peer reviewe

¿Necesitamos un asistente virtual para apoyo y formación permanente de profesores, alumnos y egresados en nuestra página web?

Se trata de identificar las necesidades no resueltas y otras cuestiones de interés, y proponer la utilización del asistente virtual como herramienta de apoyo en el acceso, la formación presente y futura, con carácter permanente, al alumno y al profesor; ello supone su utilidad en el momento presente y en el futuro, como herramienta de formación y acceso permanente. La originalidad del Proyecto estriba precisamente en el planteamiento de la incorporación de la asistencia virtual e inteligencia artificial para la asistencia y apoyo a los alumnos y profesores. El uso de la tecnología es cada vez más mayor, y puede revertir en beneficio al alumno desde una perspectiva más amplia de la que un profesor individualmente puede ofrecerle; se lograría así el acceso a la información con una intervención humana mínima, en cualquier momento y en cuestiones generales de amplio espectro, al que cada profesor en su especialidad no llega a abarcar, y los programas voluntarios de mentorías tampoco