Sociolinguistic Study of Fulɓe Marriage Rituals

This study investigates both language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment leading to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered marriage traditions in favour of the dominant culture. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that Imen giɗi bi wane hokke wance ɗum hautaɓe Kougal (we’re here to seek the hand of your daughter in marriage) emerged as the most favoured linguistic rituals in contracting Kougal Fulɓe and Chede kougal, (money for marriage) and Kolte (cloth) emerged the favoured material rites of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need for proper and much broader study to document the sociolinguistic rites involved in both endogamous and arranged marriage in Fulɓe tradition; and that money and cloth should not be restricted as the only material marriage rites in the study area considering the plight of less privileged

Endangered Rituals of Fulɓe Marriage in Sokoto State

This research work looks at marriage rituals in some selected Fulɓe local governments in Sokoto with a view to study both the language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment. This process leads to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered language in favour of the dominant language. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study as a research design. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that there are certain non-linguistic rituals that are endangered due to the influence of modernity and cross breeding. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need to investigate the possible revival of the endangered non-linguistic aspect of Fulɓe marriage in the study area that include chodiri, sharo, fijoji and doggal

Endangered Rituals of Fulɓe Marriage in Sokoto State

This research work looks at marriage rituals in some selected Fulɓe local governments in Sokoto with a view to study both the language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment. This process leads to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered language in favour of the dominant language. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study as a research design. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that there are certain non-linguistic rituals that are endangered due to the influence of modernity and cross breeding. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need to investigate the possible revival of the endangered non-linguistic aspect of Fulɓe marriage in the study area that include chodiri, sharo, fijoji and doggal

Sociolinguistic Study of Fulɓe Marriage Rituals

This study investigates both language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment leading to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered marriage traditions in favour of the dominant culture. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that Imen giɗi bi wane hokke wance ɗum hautaɓe Kougal (we’re here to seek the hand of your daughter in marriage) emerged as the most favoured linguistic rituals in contracting Kougal Fulɓe and Chede kougal, (money for marriage) and Kolte (cloth) emerged the favoured material rites of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need for proper and much broader study to document the sociolinguistic rites involved in both endogamous and arranged marriage in Fulɓe tradition; and that money and cloth should not be restricted as the only material marriage rites in the study area considering the plight of less privileged

Bioethanol Production from Two Varieties (Saccharum Officinarum and Saccharum Barberi) Of Sugarcane Peels

Provision of an alternative clean source of fuel with less cost, will reduce fossil fuel demand. Pollution is the major environmental problem. Air pollution is among the three types of pollution where harmful substances such as CO2 and CO are introduced to the environment and cause harm to humans and animals. Fossil fuel combustion from automobiles and industries causes this type of pollution. There is need to replace another source of fuel with renewable feedstock such as the peels of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi which are lignocellulose materials to produce bioethanol that has a lower impact on air pollution and the Ozone layer which causes Green-House effect than fossil fuels. Dilute H2SO4 at different concentrations of 1M,2M,3M,4M and 5M were replicated into three different parts respectively as hydrolysing solution. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as fermentation enzymes. Different pH values of 5, 6 and 7 was used for fermentation periods of 5, 6 and 7 days, respectively. The Bioethanol was distilled by the use of fractional distillation. Hydrolysed samples of 3M for 6th day of both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi produced the best yields of bioethanol at the pH of 5 and 5M hydrolysed samples of both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi produced the least bioethanol for all pH values and fermentation days. The Bioethanol produced was blended with kerosene fuel to create EK10 and EK20 kerosene-bioethanol blends for use as a fuel source in a kerosene lamp. EK10 blend took 126 hours to burn in a rotary kerosene lamp, while EK20 blend took 167 hours to burn-off in the same kerosene lamp. Hydrolysed H2SO4 of 3M, pH 5 and fermentation period of 6 days for both Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum barberi shows the best sample to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol kerosene blend EK10 and E20 was concluded to show long period of burning with clean soot in a rotary kerosene lamp, therefore the bioethanol kerosene blends can be used as substitutes for kerosene fuel

Sociolinguistic Study of Fulɓe Marriage Rituals

This study investigates both language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment leading to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered marriage traditions in favour of the dominant culture. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that Imen giɗi bi wane hokke wance ɗum hautaɓe Kougal (we’re here to seek the hand of your daughter in marriage) emerged as the most favoured linguistic rituals in contracting Kougal Fulɓe and Chede kougal, (money for marriage) and Kolte (cloth) emerged the favoured material rites of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need for proper and much broader study to document the sociolinguistic rites involved in both endogamous and arranged marriage in Fulɓe tradition; and that money and cloth should not be restricted as the only material marriage rites in the study area considering the plight of less privileged

Endangered Rituals of Fulɓe Marriage in Sokoto State

This research work looks at marriage rituals in some selected Fulɓe local governments in Sokoto with a view to study both the language and material rites involved in the entire process of Fulɓe marriage in the study area. The problem is the gradual adaptation of the culture of the dominant environment. This process leads to substitutions of both internal and external culture of the endangered language in favour of the dominant language. Two sampling techniques were used in this study - Stratified and Snowball Purposive sampling techniques. Stratified sampling was used to sample six local government out of the twenty-three local governments in the state. While Snowball purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants from each of the selected local governments. The study has 120 participants as a sample size. Ethnographic research method was employed for the study as a research design. Two research questions were asked based on the objectives of the study. An open-ended Structured Questionnaire tagged Fulɓe Marriage Rituals Inventory was used to interview each of the 120 respondents individually. Descriptive data analysis was employed to answer the research questions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study finds out that there are certain non-linguistic rituals that are endangered due to the influence of modernity and cross breeding. In view of these findings, the study recommends that there is need to investigate the possible revival of the endangered non-linguistic aspect of Fulɓe marriage in the study area that include chodiri, sharo, fijoji and doggal