Iskustva u gospodarenju otpadom koji sadrži azbest u Republici Hrvatskoj

This paper presents an overview of asbestos production data worldwide and in the Republic of Croatia in the period 2000 to 2018 as well as the asbestos consumption data from 1995 to 2010. The results of asbestos waste collection from 1995 to 2018 have been analyzed and the experiences of the Republic of Croatia in the management of asbestos-containing waste have been described in accordance with the applicable national legislation. Although asbestos does not pose a risk if its products do not become damaged by fracture, or during transportation or decomposition, it poses a potential danger to human health. In today\u27s world, every five minutes someone dies from a disease related to asbestos, such as asbestosis and cancer caused by asbestos. For these reasons, most countries adopted the obligation to execute a series of measures to stop using asbestos in 1999, while at the same time in the Republic of Croatia still imported about 4000 tonnes of asbestos per year. In 2006, the Republic of Croatia banned the production, transport, and use of asbestos, and the asbestos objects whose lifetime expired ended up in municipal waste, causing the need for special regulations in order to arrange the management of asbestos containing waste. Over the past ten years, the Republic of Croatia has developed an asbestos waste management system. Regardless of the success of its application, certain improvements are needed, as data on the amounts of reported construction waste, and thus the part containing asbestos, do not coincide with economic and other indicators for the construction sector.U radu je dan pregled podataka o proizvodnji azbesta u svijetu i Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2000. do 2017. godine te njegovoj potrošnji, od 1995. do 2010. godine. Analizirani su rezultati sakupljanja otpada koji sadrži azbest od 1995. do 2018. godine i opisana su iskustva Republike Hrvatske u gospodarenju otpadom koji sadrži azbest u skladu s važećom nacionalnom legislativom. Iako azbest ne predstavlja rizik sve dok se njegovi proizvodi ne oštete prilikom loma, tijekom transporta ili raspadanja, on predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje. Danas u svijetu svakih pet minuta netko umre od bolesti povezane s azbestom, poput azbestoze i karcinoma uzrokovanog azbestom. Iz ovih razloga je većina država u svijetu još 1999. godine prihvatila obvezu izvršenja niza mjera za prestanak uporabe azbesta, dok se istovremeno u Republiku Hrvatsku još uvijek uvozilo oko 4000 tona azbesta na godinu. Republika Hrvatska je tek 2006. godine zabranila proizvodnju, promet i upotrebu azbesta, a predmeti od azbesta kojima je vijek trajanja istekao, završavali su u komunalnom otpadu, zbog čega se nametnula potreba za donošenjem posebnih propisa kojima je uređeno gospodarenje otpadom koji sadrži azbest. U proteklih desetak godina u Republici Hrvatskoj je razvijan sustav gospodarenja otpadom koji sadrži azbest. Bez obzira na uspješnost njegove primjene, nužna su određena poboljšanja, jer se podaci o količinama prijavljenog nastalog građevnog otpada, a s time i onog dijela koji sadrži azbest, ne podudaraju s gospodarskim i drugim pokazateljima za građevni sektor

Natural Radioactivity in Steel Slag Aggregate

Present day steelmaking slags are being successfully used as a high quality mineral aggregate for the building industry. With this, it is of vital importance to be familiar with the technical significance of the secondary application of steel slag, because some steel slag might contain increased concentration of substances harmful to human health. In terms of steel slag impact on the environment, radionuclides are the least researched of all pollutants emitted from the metallurgical processes. This paper presents the results of radiochemical testing of steel slag and steel slag aggregates for the purpose of its use in the production of construction material. Obtained results of measurements show that 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in all examined steel slag samples have the activity concentration from 45.3 to 62.9Bqkg-1, 15.2 to 21.4Bqkg-1 and 12.9 to 15.4Bqkg-1, respectively. Results of measurements of radionuclide activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in slag aggregates show similar values for all radionuclides ranges as follows: 40K from 14.1 to 23.3Bqkg-1; 232Th from 8.6 to 14.4Bqkg-1 and 226Ra from 14.8 to 26.8Bqkg-1. Activities index (I1, I2, I3) of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were compared with values recommended by Croatian legislation. Radium equivalent concentrations (Raeq) of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K for examined steel slag and steel slag aggregates are harmounious with the results presented by other authors for the same by-product. The testing has been conducted on steel slag created during the production of carbon steel by electric arc furnace in Steel Mill of CMC Sisak, Croatia

Monitoring of 137Cs in electric arc furnace steel making process

This article presents the results of Cs-137 and other radionuclide monitoring in EAF steel-making process in the Croatian CMC Sisak Steel Mill. The presence of Cs-137 and natural isotopes K-40, Th-232, Ra-226 and U-238 was established. Investigations on the occurrence of the isotope cesium, as well as natural isotopes and their distribution in waste from the process of carbon steel production by EAF have been conducted. Detection of artificial isotope cesium in EAF dust indicates that it might originate from steel scrap or from the residue of the material that was used in the technological process, thus deserving special attention

Radionuclides in steel slag intended for road construction

The objective of this study was to describe the radiochemical characteristics of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag from Croatian EAF black steel slags, generated from carbon steel production process in CMC Sisak d.o.o., and steel mill in Split in order to enhance the understanding of possibilities for their use in road construction. This article presents the results of radionuclide in electric arc furnace steel slag. The presence of natural isotopes 40 K, 232 Th ( 228 Ra), 226 Ra and 238 U was established. The measured activity in slag natural isotopes lies within the Croatian legally permitted limits

PCDDs/Fs Pollution from Metallurgical Processes in the Town of Sisak, Croatia

In order to calculate the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated ibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak, Croatia, this research has built on experiences from developed countries, where the emission factor values from individual etallurgical processes have been taken from the reference data and used for the estimate of the emission of these pollutions in the European countries. The calculation of the emission polychlorinated dibenzo- p- ioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from metallurgical processes located in the town of Sisak took into account annual outputs of sinter, pig iron, steel blooms and steel billets, as well as steel casts. The metallurgical processes installed in the town of Sisak between 1950 and 2010 emitted from QI- TEQ =17 mg a-1 PCDDs/Fs in 2001 to QI-T EQ =5823 mg a-1 in 1989, depending on the activity of these processes. Within the observed period, the largest source of PCDDs/Fs emission was the iron ore sintering plant. Within the observed timeframe, the town of Sisak did not experience any excessive air, soil or water pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from the local metallurgical processes.W celu obliczenia emisji wielochlorowych dibenzo-[1,4]-dioksyn (PCDD) i wielochlorowych dibenzofuranów (PCDF) z technologii metalurgicznych w miejscowosci Sisak, Chorwacja, badaniaprzedstawione w tej pracy oparte zostały nadoswiadczeniach z krajów rozwinietych, gdzie wartosci wskaznika emisji z poszczególnych technologii metalurgicznych, zostały wziete z danych referencyjnych i uzyte w celu oszacowania emisji tych zanieczyszczen w krajach europejskich. W obliczeniach emisji wielochlorowych dibenzo-[1,4]-dioksyn i wielochlorowych dibenzofuranów z technologii metalurgicznych w miejscowosci Sisak wzieto pod uwage roczna produkcje spieku, surówki i odlewów. Technologie metalurgiczne zainstalowane w miescie Sisak pomiedzy 1950 a 2010 rokiem emitowały od QI-TEQ = 17 mg a-1 PCDD/PCDF w 2001 r. do QI-TEQ = 5823 mg a-1 w 1989 roku, w zaleznosci od aktywnosci tych procesów. W obserwowanym okresie, najwiekszym zródłem emisji PCDD/PCDF było spiekanie rudy zelaza. W obserwowanym czasie, miasto Sisak nie odczuwało nadmierne zanieczyszczenia powietrza, gleby lub wody przez polichlorowane dibenzo-p-dioksyny i polichlorowanych dibenzofuranów z lokalnych technologii metalurgicznych

Żużel stalowniczy, jako zamiennik kruszyw naturalnych stosowanych w mieszance asfaltowej

Even though electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag has been classified as non-hazardous waste by its physical and chemical characteristics, and is possible to be disposed of at provided disposal sites without danger to the environment, this is rarely applied, because the permanent disposal of steel slag is highly expensive and requires a great area, and the valuable ingredients of steel slag are lost forever. The purpose of this paper was to improve the management of this type of non-hazardous industrial waste. Alongside with reducing the area intended for its disposal and increasing the technological benefit of re-using waste material, the final results of these tests should ensure the economic profit of producers, as well as achieve a sociological-ecological benefit due to the reduction of expenditure of natural mineral aggregates, simultaneously enhancing the sustainable development policies in metallurgy. A part of this research examines the possibilities of using EAF slag in other industries, with a special focus on using the slag as substitute for natural mineral aggregates in the production of asphalt mixtures in road construction. The paper presents the results of testing physical and mechanical properties of EAF slag coming from the regular production of unalloyed carbon steel in CMC Sisak, Croatia with the application of prior processing encompassing cooling the liquid slag by air, as well as quenching by water, grinding, magnetic separation, fragmentation and granulometric fractioning for the purpose of its application in technologies of producing asphalt mixtures. Comparison of test results between specimens of water- and air-cooled EAF slag and natural aggregates used in asphalt mixtures on highways and other top-class traffic load roads has demonstrated that the examined slag has qually good physical and mechanical properties, while it is significantly better in terms of resistance to polishing.Pomimo faktu, że żużel z elektrycznych pieców łukowych (EAF) do wytopu stali został sklasyfikowany jako odpad inny niż niebezpieczny w oparciu o charakterystykę fizyczną i chemiczną, i możliwe jest jego składowanie na odpowiednich składowiskach bez zagrożenia dla środowiska naturalnego, jest to rzadko stosowane, ponieważ stałe składowanie żużla jest bardzo kosztowne i wymaga dużych powierzchni, a cenne składniki żużla są tracone na zawsze. Celem pracy była poprawa zagospodarowania tego rodzaju odpadów przemysłowych. Wraz ze zmniejszeniem powierzchni przeznaczonej na składowanie żużla i zwiększeniem korzyści technologicznych z ponownego wykorzystania odpadów, ostateczne wyniki tych badań powinny zapewnić osiągnięcie zysku producentów, jak również osiągnięcia korzyści społeczno-ekologicznych ze względu na zmniejszenie zużycia naturalnych kruszyw mineralnych, a jednocześnie wzmocnienie polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju w hutnictwie. Część tych badań analizuje możliwości wykorzystania żużla EAF w innych gałęziach przemysłu, ze szczególnym naciskiem na wykorzystanie żużla jako substytut naturalnych kruszyw mineralnych w produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych w budownictwie drogowym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań fizycznych i mechanicznych właściwości żużla EAF pochodzącego z regularnej produkcji stali węglowej niestopowej w CMC Sisak, Chorwacja z zastosowaniem uprzedniego przetworzenia obejmującego chłodzenia ciekłego żużla w powietrzu, jak również chłodzenia wodą, rozdrabniania, separacji magnetycznej, rozdrobnienia i frakcjonowania w celu jego stsowania w technologii produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych. Porównanie wyników badań próbek żużla chłodzonego wodą i chłodzonego powietrzem oraz kruszyw naturalnych stosowanych w mieszankach asfaltowych na autostradach i innych drogach o dużym obciążeniu ruchem wykazało, że badany żużel ma równie dobre właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne, a jednocześnie jest znacznie lepszy pod względem odporności na ścieranie

Characterization of Ladle Furnace Slag from Carbon Steel Production as a Potential Adsorbent

A promising type of steel slag for applications is the ladle furnace (LF) slag, which is also known as the basic slag, the reducing slag, the white slag, and the secondary refining slag. The LF slag is a byproduct from further refining molten steel after coming out of a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or an electric arc furnace (EAF). The use of the LF slag in further applications requires knowledge of its characteristics. The LF slag characterization in this paper has been performed using the following analytical methods: chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area properties by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods, surface chemistry by infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopy, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the main compounds are calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminium oxides, and calcium silicates under their various allotropic forms are the major compounds in the LF slag. Surface area properties have shown that the LF slag is a mesoporous material with relatively great BET surface area. The ladle furnace slag is a nonhazardous industrial waste because the ecotoxicity evaluation by its eluate has shown that the LF slag does not contain constituents which might in any way affect the environment harmfully

Żużel stalowniczy, jako zamiennik kruszyw naturalnych stosowanych w mieszance asfaltowej

Even though electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag has been classified as non-hazardous waste by its physical and chemical characteristics, and is possible to be disposed of at provided disposal sites without danger to the environment, this is rarely applied, because the permanent disposal of steel slag is highly expensive and requires a great area, and the valuable ingredients of steel slag are lost forever. The purpose of this paper was to improve the management of this type of non-hazardous industrial waste. Alongside with reducing the area intended for its disposal and increasing the technological benefit of re-using waste material, the final results of these tests should ensure the economic profit of producers, as well as achieve a sociological-ecological benefit due to the reduction of expenditure of natural mineral aggregates, simultaneously enhancing the sustainable development policies in metallurgy. A part of this research examines the possibilities of using EAF slag in other industries, with a special focus on using the slag as substitute for natural mineral aggregates in the production of asphalt mixtures in road construction. The paper presents the results of testing physical and mechanical properties of EAF slag coming from the regular production of unalloyed carbon steel in CMC Sisak, Croatia with the application of prior processing encompassing cooling the liquid slag by air, as well as quenching by water, grinding, magnetic separation, fragmentation and granulometric fractioning for the purpose of its application in technologies of producing asphalt mixtures. Comparison of test results between specimens of water- and air-cooled EAF slag and natural aggregates used in asphalt mixtures on highways and other top-class traffic load roads has demonstrated that the examined slag has qually good physical and mechanical properties, while it is significantly better in terms of resistance to polishing.Pomimo faktu, że żużel z elektrycznych pieców łukowych (EAF) do wytopu stali został sklasyfikowany jako odpad inny niż niebezpieczny w oparciu o charakterystykę fizyczną i chemiczną, i możliwe jest jego składowanie na odpowiednich składowiskach bez zagrożenia dla środowiska naturalnego, jest to rzadko stosowane, ponieważ stałe składowanie żużla jest bardzo kosztowne i wymaga dużych powierzchni, a cenne składniki żużla są tracone na zawsze. Celem pracy była poprawa zagospodarowania tego rodzaju odpadów przemysłowych. Wraz ze zmniejszeniem powierzchni przeznaczonej na składowanie żużla i zwiększeniem korzyści technologicznych z ponownego wykorzystania odpadów, ostateczne wyniki tych badań powinny zapewnić osiągnięcie zysku producentów, jak również osiągnięcia korzyści społeczno-ekologicznych ze względu na zmniejszenie zużycia naturalnych kruszyw mineralnych, a jednocześnie wzmocnienie polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju w hutnictwie. Część tych badań analizuje możliwości wykorzystania żużla EAF w innych gałęziach przemysłu, ze szczególnym naciskiem na wykorzystanie żużla jako substytut naturalnych kruszyw mineralnych w produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych w budownictwie drogowym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań fizycznych i mechanicznych właściwości żużla EAF pochodzącego z regularnej produkcji stali węglowej niestopowej w CMC Sisak, Chorwacja z zastosowaniem uprzedniego przetworzenia obejmującego chłodzenia ciekłego żużla w powietrzu, jak również chłodzenia wodą, rozdrabniania, separacji magnetycznej, rozdrobnienia i frakcjonowania w celu jego stsowania w technologii produkcji mieszanek mineralno-asfaltowych. Porównanie wyników badań próbek żużla chłodzonego wodą i chłodzonego powietrzem oraz kruszyw naturalnych stosowanych w mieszankach asfaltowych na autostradach i innych drogach o dużym obciążeniu ruchem wykazało, że badany żużel ma równie dobre właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne, a jednocześnie jest znacznie lepszy pod względem odporności na ścieranie

Electric Arc Furnace Dust as a Valuable Production Residue from the Steel Production Process

Iako je elektropećna prašina zbog prisutnosti teških metala svrstana u opasni otpad, može se iskoristiti u razne svrhe, što je prihvatljiviji način njezina zbrinjavanja nego što je odlaganje na za to predviđena odlagališta, čime metali prisutni u prašini ostaju neiskorišteni. U radu je dan pregled nastanka elektropećne prašine, njezinih fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava i moguće uporabe. Imajući u vidu fizikalno-kemijska svojstva prašine i visok sadržaj željeza, veoma je pogodno rješenje njezino vraćanje u matični proces za dobivanje čelika. Dodatno, prašina se može rabiti u industriji neželjeznih metala za dobivanje teških metala kao što je cink te u nekim drugim industrijama (npr. za proizvodnju cementa, keramike, boja, itd.). Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.Although, due to the presence of heavy metals, electric arc furnace dust is classified as hazardous waste, it can be used for various purposes, which is a more acceptable way of disposing it than in a landfill where the metals in the dust remain unused. This paper presents a review of electric arc furnace dust, its physicochemical properties and possible use. With regard to the physicochemical properties of electric arc furnace dust and its high iron content, a very convenient solution is its return to the primary process of steel production. Furthermore, electric arc furnace dust can be used in the non-ferrous metal industry to obtain heavy metals, such as zinc, as well as in some other industries (e.g., cement, ceramics, paint, etc.). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Radioactivity Monitoring of Steel Processing in Croatian Steel Mills and Foundries

U posljednjih dvadeset godina zabilježen je značajan broj slučajeva radioaktivnog onečišćenja u metalurškim procesima, iako nije sigurno je li to posljedica porasta nekontroliranog odlaganja otpada koji sadržava radionuklide različitog podrijetla ili povećanog nadzora i kontrole radioaktivnosti u metalnom otpadu namijenjenom oporabi. Stoga su svjetski proizvođači metala pristupili sustavnomu praćenju radioaktivnosti u procesima proizvodnje. S obzirom na moguću prisutnost radioaktivnih elemenata u čeličnom otpadu, poluproizvodima i gotovim proizvodima domaće metalurške i metaloprerađivačke industrije, a na temelju iskustva najpoznatijih svjetskih i europskih proizvođača čelika, postalo je nužno i opravdano uvođenje sustava nadzora i kontrole radioaktivnosti u proizvodnim procesima hrvatskih proizvođača čelika. Svrha ovog rada bila je upozoriti na potrebu uvođenja sustava za nadzor i praćenje radioaktivnosti u procesima proizvodnje čelika i čeličnih odljevaka te upoznati stručnjake u hrvatskim čeličanama i ljevaonicama s mogućim rješenjima i postojećim sustavima. Zbog nedostatka vlastitih normi i propisa kojima bi se regulirala kontrola uvoznoga čeličnog otpada, poluproizvoda (sirovi čelik, toplo valjana i hladno valjana traka), kao i gotovih proizvoda te vlastitog otpada, poluproizvoda i gotovih proizvoda, nužno je započeti s uvođenjem sustava za nadzor i praćenje radioaktivnosti u procesima proizvodnje čelika i čeličnih odljevaka koristeći se postojećim međunarodnim preporukama i propisima, sve dok se ne izgradi vlastiti sustav nadzora i ne donese odgovarajuća legislativa na razini RH.The last twenty years have seen a number of cases of radioactive pollution in metallurgical industry. Therefore many metal producers have implemented systematic monitoring of radioactivity in their production processes, especially in steel processing, steel being the most applied construction material with the annual world output of over billion tonnes. Learning from the experience of the best known steel producers in Europe and the world Croatian steel mills have introduced radioactivity surveillance and control systems for radioactive elements in steel scrap, semi-finished and finished products. This paper argues in favour of radioactivity surveillance and control systems in steel and steel castings production in Croatia, and describes current systems and solutions available. Since we lack our own standards and regulations to control both domestic and imported steel scrap, semi-finished products (crude steel, hot and cold rolled strip) and finished products, we need to start implementing radioactivity surveillance and control systems in our steel and steel castings production applying the current international recommendations and guidelines, until we build up our own monitoring system and adopt legislation on the national level. This paper gives an overview of the basic types of radioactivity surveillance and control systems, the most frequent requirements to be met, as well as of the measurement and information flow in their application in steel and steel castings production