Analysis of used disinfectants in correlation with the occurrence and causes of hospital infections - a comparison of data for general hospital in Ohrid in the period 2009 to 2013

Intra-hospital or nosocomial hospital infections mean infections that develop in hospitals or are caused by microorganisms acquired during the hospitalization of the patient, and clinically are manifested from 48 to 72 hours after admission at earliest. To achieve the goal in reducing and prevention of these infections, within the hospital hygiene, many processes and procedures that should be routinely carried out in the hospital are included

Intra-hospital infections in relation to use of disinfectants and antiseptics in selected health institutions in Republic of Macedonia

Introduction - Intra-hospital infections are clinically manifested from 48 to 72 hours after the infection. Objective – The aim of this study was to review of the use of antiseptics and disinfectants in selected hospitals in Republic of Macedonia over five years period in relation to appearance of intra-hospital infections. Materials and Methods - Data from hospitals and public health centers in Strumica, Ohrid, Veles, Stip and Kavadarci over five years were used. Results - The results indicate that the amount of disinfectants and antiseptics consumed comparing with the microbiological data indicates their rational utilization starting from 2012. and significant reduction of contamination with conditionally pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions - In general disinfectants and antiseptics were used optimally and correctly according to the needs of the hospitals investigated. We would like to suggest the implementation of disinfection process validation as standardization measure as well as more often routine microbiological controls. Keywords: disinfectants, antiseptics, disinfectio

Diffusional Electrochemical Catalytic (EC’) Mechanism Featuring Chemical Reversibility of Regenerative Reaction-Theoretical Analysis in Cyclic Voltammetry

We consider theoretically a specific electrochemical-catalytic mechanism associated with reversible regenerative chemical reaction, under conditions of cyclic staircase voltammetry (CSV). We suppose scenario in which two electrochemically inactive substrates “S” and “Y”, together with initial electrochemically active reactant Ox are present in voltammetric cell from the beginning of the experiment. Substrate “S” selectively reacts with initial electroactive reactant Ox and creates electroactive “product” Red (+ Y) in a reversible chemical fashion. The initial chemical equilibrium determines the amounts of Ox and Red available for electrode transformation at the beginning of the electrochemical experiment. Under conditions of applied potential, the electrode reaction Ox(aq) + ne– ⇋ Red(aq) occurs, producing flow of electric current. Under such circumstances, the chemical reaction coupled to the electrochemical step causes a regeneration of initial electroactive species during the time-frame of current-measuring segment in CSV. The features of cyclic voltammograms get significantly affected by the kinetics and thermodynamics of reversible regenerative reaction. We elaborate several aspects of this specific electrode mechanism, and we focus on the role of parameters related to chemical step to the features of calculated voltammograms. While we provide a specific set of results of this particular mechanism, we propose methods to get access to relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters relevant to regenerative chemical reaction. The results elaborated in this work can be valuable in evaluating kinetics of many drug-drug interactions, but they can be relevant to study interactions of many enzyme-substrate systems, as well. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Теоретска и експериментална студија за примена на електрохемиски регенеративни електродни механизми во аналитиката на лекови во услови на циклична скалеста волтаметрија

Цикличната волтаметрија е една од најпознатите електрохемиски техники што се употребува како за квантитативно определување и студирање на механизмите на електрохемиска трансформација на голем број лекови и физиолошки активни супстанци, така и за определување на релевантни кинетички и термодинамички параметри што се во непосредна корелација со електрохемиската активност на испитуваните лекови. Примената на цикличната волтаметрија во квантитативната анализа на т.н. „редокс лекови“ се базира на пропорционалноста помеѓу Фарадеевата струја и концентрацијата на дефиниран редокс лек. Во услови кога даден редокс активен лек стапува во хемиска интеракција со друг лек, цикличната волтаметрија дава можност за определување на релевантни физички параметри што се поврзани со кинетиката и термодинамиката на интеракциите помеѓу тие два лекови. Кога два лекови стапуваат во интеракции при кои доаѓа до регенерација на почетната редокс форма на електрохемиски активниот лек, тогаш таквиот тип на механизам се класифицира како „електрохемиски регенеративн механизам„, а често и како „електрохемиски каталитички механизам“. Во рамките на докторската работа се разработени четири теоретски електрохемиски регенеративни механизми во услови на циклична скалеста волтаметрија. Притоа, за сите електродни механизми се претставени едноставни методи за мерење на кинетиката на интеракции помеѓу дефинирани лекови, како и методи за мерење на кинетиката и термодинамиката (константата на стабилност) на лекови кај кои постои хемиска рамнотежа уште пред апликација на електроден потенцијал. Дел од методите и резлутатите од теоретските модели за соодветните електрохемиски регенеративни механизми се потврдени со експерименти во кои редокс активни супстанци 2,6-dihydroxy- benzoquinone, Рибофалвин и K4[Fe(CN)6] стапуваат во интеракции од регенеративна природа со други лекови. Притоа, за системите каде постојат таков тип на интеракции помеѓу 2,6-dihydroxy-benzoquinone, рибофлавин и K4[Fe(CN)6] и студираните лекови и суплементи, пресметани се соодветните вредности на константите на брзина на хемиски интеракции. Клучни зборови: регенеративен електрохемиски механизам; интеракции на лекови; циклична волтаметрија; константа на брзина на хемиски интеракци

Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions with Cyclic Voltammetry: An Overview of Relevant Theoretical Models and Recent Experimental Achievements

In this review, we focus on cyclic voltammetry as a reliable electrochemical technique to study mechanisms, kinetics and thermodynamics of various types of drug-drug interactions. While we present and discuss six theoretical models relevant to analyze drug-drug (or drug-DNA) interactions, we also give hints about recent experimental achievements in this field. In addition, we provide the readers several sets of simulated voltammograms and data in tabular form, which can be used to recognize particular mechanism of drug-drug interactions in cyclic voltammetry. Moreover, we give hints to the voltammetric procedures that allow access to kinetics and thermodynamics parameters, which are relevant to various types of drug-drug interactions. The results we present in this work can be of big help to the scientists working in the field of pharmacy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and bio-electrochemistry

Mentha L. essential oils composition and in vitro antifungal activity

ABSTRACT: The essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation from the leaves of wild growing Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae

The significance of the quality management system in making management decisions

The impact of quality management system on success in making important management decisions is the subject of this paper. Studies of this effect confirmed that the introduction and implementation of quality management system significantly improves the aims of management team in any organization. Quality management system can be defined as a series of coordinated activities undertaken in an organization to improve efficiency and effectiveness of its performance. One organization that has implemented quality management system, also manages with defined processes including written standard operating procedures, guidelines or procedures, resulting with quality products or services. Implementing the quality management system in an organization means complete establishment and acceptance of all the rules and principles that sets the system in order to align all business processes and activities, starting from the highest positioned manager to the employee set on the lowest position in the organization. With the implementation of quality management system is also implemented a completely new concept in an organization that requires consistency and commitment of all employees. The term management refers to direct control of all activities that are conducted in an organization and are control by management and provides an opportunity to make the right decisions at the right time

Analysis of implementation of specialist studies for medical professions Faculty of Medical Sciences, University "Goce Delchev" - experiences and needs

University ‘Goce Delcev’ – Stip is one of the youngest and the most successful universities in the Republic of Macedonia, existing from 2007, with 13 faculties among which is the Faculty of Medical Sciences. The Faculty itself also consists of professional studies with duration of three years, where higher medical staff is being educated through several study programmes for: medical nurse – technician, laboratory technician, optometry and optics, and physiotherapists and prosthodontics. Designing educational programs to improve these interactions is a major goal of continuing professional development, and one approach for educational planners to effect desired changes is simulation-based education. Because simulation-based education affords an opportunity for educators to train health care professionals in environments that resemble clinical practice, this instructional method allows planners to integrate overarching priorities for improvement in health care practice with the training goals of individuals. Despite an explosion of interest in improving safety and reducing error in health care, one important aspect of patient safety that has received little attention is a systematic approach to education and training for the whole health care workforce

Nalysis of used disinfectants and antiseptics correlated with the occurrence of nosocomial infections - General Hospital Strumica, Republic of Macedonia in period of 2010 - 2014

Nosocomial infections represent worry in great proportions for both staff and patients. Therefore, the occurrence of nosocomial infections give great emphasis on proper prevention which includes primarily the optimal use of disinfectants and antiseptics, and regular microbiological testing and controls. Antiseptics and disinfectants are widely used in hospitals and other medical facilities in different topical applications and hard surfaces. Mechanical cleaning before application of disinfectants is essential. Mechanisms of antibacterial disinfectants are summarized in several large critical reports worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to show the connection between the used disinfectants and antiseptics in the General hospital - Strumica, Republic of Macedonia for five years, from 2010 to 2014 and the possible occurrence of hospital infections

Introduction of HACCP in Macedonia key way to healthy population

Consuming safe and quality food is the key for the health of everyone because this is an important aspect of the global market. Part of the safe food production process, better known as “Hazard analysis and critical control points” or HACCP, as legislation is rapidly introduced in all developing countries, while Macedonia introduced it as a bylaw in 2002