Sources of stress that correlate to level of burnout among Swedish physicians.

Theory: Burnout has become a popular research field with lots of studies being done within the area. Internationally, many studies on physician burnout have been made and they show that physicians have a high level of burnout. These studies as well as other studies within stress research have shown that there are many different factors that can lead to stress and burnout. However, very little research has been done to disclose the sources of stress that leads to burnout for Swedish physicians. Research question: Which sources of stress can be linked to burnout levels among Swedish physicians? Method: A web-based survey in two parts, was sent by e -mail with a few weeks interval to the physicians in Skåne and Norrbotten. The first part contained questions about background factors and the possible sources of stress. The second part contained questions about burnout and some general health questions. The burnout questions used in this survey came from the instrument Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. 63 persons answered both parts of the survey. Conclusion: The sources of stress that showed significant correlations with burnout among the respondents were, “Demands”, “Environment factors”, “Work organization”, “Support”, “Harassment”, “Technical problems”, “Accessible”, “Autonomy”, “Wishing to have the same profession in the future”, “Values about management”, “Values about myself in work”. These are all highly probable to contribute to burnout among this sample of Swedish physicians. However, to prove that these sources of stress in fact leads to burnout among Swedish physicians needs longitudinal studies with larger sample size.Bakgrund: Utbrändhet har blivit ett populärt ämne som det forskas allt mer på. Internationellt har många studier om läkares utbrändhet gjorts och de har visat att läkare har en hög nivå av utbrändhet. Dessa studier samt andra studier inom stressforskningen har visat på att det finns många olika orsaker som kan leda till stress och utbrändhet. Mycket lite forskning är dock gjord på svenska läkare för att se vilka orsaker till stress och utbrändhet som dessa kan tänkas ha. Studiemål: Vilka orsaker till stress korrelerar med nivåer av utbrändhet hos svenska läkare? Metod: En webbaserad enkätundersökning i två delar skickades ut med e-mail med några veckors mellanrum till läkare i Skåne och Norrbotten. Den första delen innehöll frågor om bakgrundsfaktorer (tex kön och ålder) och tänkbara orsaker till stress och utbrändhet. Den andra delen innehöll frågor om utbrändhet och hälsa. Frågorna om utbrändhet kom från det tidigare utarbetade instrumentet Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Totalt svarade 63 personer på båda delarna av enkäten. Slutsats: De orsaker till stress som visar signifikant korrelation med utbrändhet hos de svarande är ”Krav i arbetet”, ”Fysiska arbetsmiljöfaktorer”, ”Arbetets organisering”, ”Stöd”, ”Trakasserier”, ”Teknik problem”, ”Tillgänglighet”, ”Autonomi”, ”Önskar att ha samma yrke i framtiden”, ”Värderingar om ledningen”, Värderingar om mig själv i arbetet”. Dessa är alla högst troliga att bidra till utbrändhet hos detta urval av svenska läkare. För att visa att dessa orsaker till stress verkligen leder till utbrändhet hos svenska läkare, generellt, krävs longitudinella studier med större antal svarande

Pop-up Stores: The Attraction of Ephemeral Experiences - A phenomenological study on consumers' experiences in pop-up stores

The purpose of this paper is to contribute with a new understanding of pop-up stores through a phenomenological perspective by examining how consumers experience pop-up stores. The study also aims to look at a micro and macro perspective to better understand how this phenomenon links to and is shaped by macro level trends of the contemporary consumer culture. Given the purpose and aim of the report, a qualitative method design with a multi-site study has been chosen. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with a phenomenological design have been conducted with consumers visiting pop-up stores in New York City, in combination with participant observations. A finding of the study showed that the exclusiveness of pop-up stores could be instigated by its ephemeral nature, which attracts consumers of today in their search for new and exclusive experiences. It also emphasizes the importance for brands to provide consumers with a physical retail context for trust and relationship building, especially online retailers. Thus, making the artificial online brand online more real and authentic. This is aligned with another conclusion of the study that short-term solutions, like pop-up stores, could result in long-term relationships for brands and consumers

Grönstrukturen i Örnsköldsvik

During the autumn of 2008 I obtained office experience by working at the local government of Örnsköldsvik. I started working on the district green plan of the green structure and that led to the work of this exam paper. The purpose of this exam paper has been to define some standpoints for the green structure of the local government district of Örnsköldsvik. I have used both a larger and a smaller scale to obtain a wide a perspective as possible of the green structure. The larger scale gives an overall view of the whole municipality while the smaller scale is found in the study of the two local areas Centrum and Domsjö. For the local government planning to be able to obtain an agreeable level of verdure to the residents it is necessary that the green structure is brought up on the agenda. The initiated work of a green plan of Örnsköldsvik's district is a good start. Considering the lack of conformity in the organization found in Örnsköldsvik it is essential that all efforts handling the green structure is coordinated. The status of the green structure will then be improved considerably in the work of planning and it will be easier to make sure that all residents can take part of the verdure in and around the city.Under hösten 2008 genomförde jag min praktik i Örnsköldsviks kommun. Då påbörjade jag kommunens grönplanarbete, vilket sedan lett till examensarbetet. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att definiera några ställningstaganden för grönstrukturen inom Örnsköldsviks centralort. Jag har använt olika skalor för att få så bred bild av Örnsköldsviks grönstruktur som möjligt. Den större skalan ger en övergripande syn på hela centralorten medan den lilla skalan återfinns i undersökningen om de två delområdena Centrum och Domsjö. För att man inom den kommunala planeringen ska kunna fastställa en god nivå av välgörande grönska till invånarna krävs det att grönstrukturen förs högre upp på agendan. Den påbörjade grönplanen i Örnsköldsviks kommun är en god början. Med den splittrade organisation som finns i Örnsköldsvik är det viktigt att samordna alla krafter som hanterar grönstruktur. Då kommer grönstrukturens status att höjas betydligt inom planeringen och det blir enklare att se till att alla invånare kan ta del av grönskan i och omkring staden

The detached dust shells around the carbon AGB stars R Scl and V644 Sco

Detached shells are believed to be created during a thermal pulse, and constrain the time scales and physical properties of one of the main drivers of late stellar evolution. We aim at determining the morphology of the detached dust shells around the carbon AGB stars R Scl and V644 Sco, and compare this to observations of the detached gas shells. We observe the polarised, dust-scattered stellar light around these stars using the PolCor instrument mounted on the ESO 3.6m telescope. Observations were done with a coronographic mask to block out the direct stellar light. The polarised images clearly show the detached shells. Using a dust radiative transfer code to model the dust-scattered polarised light, we constrain the radii and widths of the shells to 19.5 arcsec and 9.4 arcsec for the detached dust shells around R Scl and V644 Sco, respectively. Both shells have an overall spherical symmetry and widths of approx. 2 arcsec. For R Scl we can compare the observed dust emission directly with high spatial-resolution maps of CO(3-2) emission from the shell observed with ALMA. We find that the dust and gas coincide almost exactly, indicating a common evolution. The data presented here for R Scl are the most detailed observations of the entire dusty detached shell to date. For V644 Sco these are the first direct measurements of the detached shell. Also here we find that the dust most likely coincides with the gas shell. The observations are consistent with a scenario where the detached shells are created during a thermal pulse. The determined radii and widths will constrain hydrodynamical models describing the pre-pulse mass loss, the thermal pulse, and post-pulse evolution of the star

Hållbarhetsredovisning i ideella organisationer -En kvalitativ studie om hur ideella organisationer använder hållbarhetsredovisning

Studiens syfte är att fylla den kunskapslucka som identifierats kring användandet av hållbarhetsredovisning i ideella organisationer som är verksamma i Sverige. De ideella organisationer som undersöks är Rädda Barnen, Greenpeace, Röda Korset, Reach for Change och BRIS vars kärnverksamhet kretsar kring miljömässigt eller socialt arbete. Det som framgått av studien är att det finns en kunskapsbrist inom ämnet hållbarhetsredovisning, vilket kan bero på att det är en relativt ny och ännu ickestandardiserad praxis i ideella organisationer. Samtidigt finns där en stor variation i hur ideella organisationer väljer att utforma hållbarhetsredovisningar vilket studien pekar på handlar om organisationers olika verksamhetssyfte och målsättningar. Av de som framtar en hållbarhetsredovisning är de primära användningsfunktionerna att rapporten fungerar som ett kommunikationsmedel för att informera intressenter om organisationens hållbarhetsarbete samt för att upprätthålla ett internt redovisningssystem. Det framkommer även att motiven och drivkrafterna att visa sociala och miljömässiga resultat kommer från ett ansvarsbehov gentemot samhället att vara transparanta och redogöra för hur hållbarhetsarbetet utövas.The purpose of this thesis paper is to fill the knowledge gap that exists in the usage of sustainability reporting within non-profit organizations. The non-profit organizations participating in this study are Rädda Barnen (Save the children), Greenpeace, Röda Korset (The Red Cross), Reach for Change and BRIS. All of these organizations have a core business revolving around environmental and social questions.A conclusion that can be drawn from the results of this study is that there is a general lack of knowledge concerning the use of sustainability reporting within non-profit organizations. A reason for this can arguably be the fact that sustainability reporting is a relatively new and non-standardized practice within non-profit organizations. The results also suggest that there is variation in how non-profit organizations choose to conduct their sustainability report, which this study indicates is largely dependant on the specific purpose and objectives of the organization. The primary function, for the organizations that use and publish a sustainability report, is to use it as a communication tool and channel to inform their stakeholders about the organization's sustainability efforts. Furthermore, the study concludes that the motives and incentives to illustrate social and environmental performances and results can be derived from an organizations’ liability towards society to be open and transparent with how the work concerning sustainability is exerted

The shock-heated atmosphere of an asymptotic giant branch star resolved by ALMA

Our current understanding of the chemistry and mass-loss processes in solar-like stars at the end of their evolution depends critically on the description of convection, pulsations and shocks in the extended stellar atmosphere. Three-dimensional hydrodynamical stellar atmosphere models provide observational predictions, but so far the resolution to constrain the complex temperature and velocity structures seen in the models has been lacking. Here we present submillimeter continuum and line observations that resolve the atmosphere of the asymptotic giant branch star W Hya. We show that hot gas with chromospheric characteristics exists around the star. Its filling factor is shown to be small. The existence of such gas requires shocks with a cooling time larger than commonly assumed. A shocked hot layer will be an important ingredient in the models of stellar convection, pulsation and chemistry that underlie our current understanding of the late stages of stellar evolution.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, including Supplementary information. Author manuscript version before editorial/copyediting by Nature Astronomy. Journal version available via http://rdcu.be/xUW

Mystery of fatal 'staggering disease' unravelled: novel rustrela virus causes severe meningoencephalomyelitis in domestic cats

‘Staggering disease’ is a neurological disease entity considered a threat to European domestic cats (Felis catus) for almost five decades. However, its aetiology has remained obscure. Rustrela virus (RusV), a relative of rubella virus, has recently been shown to be associated with encephalitis in a broad range of mammalian hosts. Here, we report the detection of RusV RNA and antigen by metagenomic sequencing, RT-qPCR, in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in brain tissues of 27 out of 29 cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and clinical signs compatible with’staggering disease’ from Sweden, Austria, and Germany, but not in non-affected control cats. Screening of possible reservoir hosts in Sweden revealed RusV infection in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Our work indicates that RusV is the long-sought cause of feline ‘staggering disease’. Given its reported broad host spectrum and considerable geographic range, RusV may be the aetiological agent of neuropathologies in further mammals, possibly even including humans

Altered plasma protein profiles in genetic FTD – a GENFI study

Background: Plasma biomarkers reflecting the pathology of frontotemporal dementia would add significant value to clinical practice, to the design and implementation of treatment trials as well as our understanding of disease mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore the levels of multiple plasma proteins in individuals from families with genetic frontotemporal dementia. Methods: Blood samples from 693 participants in the GENetic Frontotemporal Dementia Initiative study were analysed using a multiplexed antibody array targeting 158 proteins. Results: We found 13 elevated proteins in symptomatic mutation carriers, when comparing plasma levels from people diagnosed with genetic FTD to healthy non-mutation controls and 10 proteins that were elevated compared to presymptomatic mutation carriers. Conclusion: We identified plasma proteins with altered levels in symptomatic mutation carriers compared to non-carrier controls as well as to presymptomatic mutation carriers. Further investigations are needed to elucidate their potential as fluid biomarkers of the disease process.</p