Concepts of Social Justice: An Islamic Perspective

Whole world is witnessing turmoil engulfed by an unending conflict and the causes may not be open to general public but it is largely rooted in the race for hegemony. This commotion will prolong till people don’t realize it and don not struggle to destroy the hegemony of evil doctrine. There are many avenues through which this doctrine can challenged and Social Justice is one such aspect which can shape the worldly affairs under one umbrella. But certain things are warranted too and it needs to be ascertained as what will determine Social Justice. The conception of Social justice finds its significance in every blissful society as no individual with human compassion would like to impair others. Different definitions and frameworks have been put forward to establish impartiality and that may govern the state of affairs of a county. But there still exist difficulty in shaping impartiality throughout the world. This paper in an attempt tries to explore the pros and cons of the manmade laws for developing impartiality and then finally outlines the framework proposed by the Almighty Allah, ‘The Lord of Lands”. The researcher has compared rules and penalties instituted by mankind and those revealed in the Book of Allah, “Al-Quran”. Also comparison has been drawn between US and Saudi Arabia with respect to statistical data determining offense in two countries where in manmade laws are predominantly exercised in US and those of Islamic laws in Saudi Arabia. Every effort has been made to epitomize the significance of supreme social justice and process of its accomplishment that would largely promote good to a common person. Keywords: Fairness, Consistency, Impartiality, Globe, Social Justice and Al-Qura

Patient safety with special reference to adverse events taking place in the cases discussed in mortality and morbidity meets

Background: There is an increasing belief that an institution’s ability to avoid patient harm will be realized when it creates a culture of safety among its staff members. Aims to study the cases discussed in mortality meets.Methods: Critical analysis of cases discussed in mortality and morbidity meet were done for one year by using WHO Structured questionnaire on patient safety (RF-1 & RF-2 forms) along with their record review and interview to the concerned staff.Results: 62 mortality and morbidity meetings were conducted during the study period of one year. Cardiac/ Respiratory arrest was the most common adverse event studied (67.7%) followed by unexpected death (48.4%). 52.7% of studied adverse events showed signs of healthcare team responsible for causing adverse events, mainly related to the therapeutic care (64.8%). 47% of adverse events were categorized preventable.Conclusions: Mortality and Morbidity Meets should be made mandatory in all hospitals

Patient safety with reference to the occurrence of adverse events in admitted patients on the basis of incident reporting in a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background: A good quality report should lend itself for detailed analysis of the chain of events that lead to the incident. This knowledge can then be used to consider what interventions, and at what level in the chain, can prevent the incident from occurring again. Aim was to study the occurrence of adverse events on the basis of incident reporting.Methods: Critical analysis of incident reporting of adverse events taking place in admitted patients for one year by using WHO Structured questionnaire on patient safety (RF-1 & RF-2 forms) along with their record review and interview to the concerned staff.Results: 253 incidents of adverse events were reported during the study period of one year. Most common screening criteria being, Patient/family dissatisfaction with care received, documented or expressed during the current (221 incidents i.e. 87.35%), followed by hospital acquired infection/sepsis (29 incidents i.e. 11.46%). 13 incidents (5.13%) were reported for unexpected deaths due to adverse events. 38.9% of reported adverse events studied showed signs of health care team responsible for causing adverse events. 39% of adverse events were found preventable and 61% of adverse event was found non-preventable.Conclusions: Incident reporting of adverse events should be encouraged in all hospitals. 

A comparative study on patient safety with reference to methods of detection of adverse events in a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background:Considerable investments have been made to devise methods to detect actual and potential adverse events in health care in order to address risk and improve patient safety. Objective of the study was to compare the methods of detection of number of adverse events taking place in admitted patients.Method: A prospective study for a period of one year. Three adverse events detection modules were studied, i.e. current record review, Incident reporting and cases discussed in Mortality Meets. A World Health Organization structured questionnaire on patient safety Review form-1 (RF-1) and Review form-2 (RF-2) was used. RF-1 form was used to screen adverse events. Screened positive patients were subjected to RF-2 form to calculate preventability of adverse events. Adverse events as well as preventability were compared to detect the preferred module of detection of errors in care.Results: Current record review was able to detect 15.5% of adverse events with 71.33% preventability. Incident reporting module was able to detect only 0.73% of adverse events with 39% of preventability and mortality meets were able to study only 0.17% of adverse events with 47% of preventability.Conclusion: Current record review was found to be preferred module of detection of adverse events.

CARIOTIPO DE ADENOSCOLEX OREINI: PRIMER DATO CITOGENÉTICO DEL ORDEN CARYOPHYLLIDEA (CESTODA) DE ESPECIES DE SCHIZOTHORAX DEL VALLE DE KASHMIR, INDIA

Un cariotipo de Adenoscolex oreini Fotedar, 1958 (Capingentidae), un parásito céstodo de carpas, Kashir Gaad, Schizothorax niger (Cypriniformes) ha sido estudiado por primera vez. Consiste en un conjunto de cromosomas de 20 pares de cromosomas metacéntricos, submetacéntricos y acrocéntricos (2n = 20; n = 8m+1sm+1a). Todos los pares son pequeños, miden 1,86-7,22 μm. Parece que el número de cromosomas de A. oreini es mayor en comparación con la de los miembros de la familia Caryophyllaeidae. La variación en el tamaño de los más pequeños bivalentes y otros bivalentes indican que los cromosomas somáticos mostrarán una marcada variación en la longitud del cromosoma más largo y más corto en A. oreini. Hasta ahora nadie ha emprendido los estudios citológicos de este parásito y en la presente investigación se está divulgando su número cromosómico por primera vez

CROMOSOMAS Y CITOGENÉTICA DE HELMINTOS (TURBELLARIA, TREMATODA, CESTODA, NEMATODAYACANTHOCEPHALA)

En este artículo revisamos la literatura desde 1886 hasta 2014 y el estado actual del conocimiento de los cromosomas y la citogenética de todas las especies de las familias de turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda, nematoda y acanthocephala. Datos cariológicos son analizados y tabulados para 614 especies: 115 especies de turbellaria, 278 especies de trematoda, 117 especies de cestoda, 85 especies de nematoda y 19 especies de acantocephala. Los Turbelarios no son parásitos a excepción de unas pocas posibles excepciones y muestran una reducción gradual del número básico de cromosomas. Trematodes son numerosos requiriendo apuntar hacia los esfuerzos continuos en este campo de investigación. Los datos sobre los cromosomas se carecen para cestodos acetabulados de las órdenes: Litobothriidea, Lecanicephalidea, Cathetocephalidea, Rhinebothriidea y Tetrabothriidea

Structural System-Based Evaluation of Steel Girder Highway Bridges and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Implementation for Bridge Asset Management

Transportation agencies and bridge owners face ongoing challenges to extend service lives for aging bridge inventories and optimize maintenance strategies with limited resources. Conventional load rating based on line-girder analyses results in conservative capacity assessment and bridge management decisions, such as load posting. More rigorous system-based capacity assessment can benefit bridge management, but requires an investment of time and cultivation of expertise. When and how to use detailed 3D bridge analysis remains unclear in current practice. There is a need for an intermediate measure between routine and rigorous methods to supplement decision-making in bridge asset management. This study examined the potential benefits of detailed structural system-based evaluation and capacity assessment, and provided insight into using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in decision-making for when to employ more rigorous analysis methods or load testing in bridge asset management. Parametric case studies, using a detailed 3D FEM-based modeling approach, highlighted the complexities of structural system -behavior that are ignored or obscured in the 1D-line girder approach, but have potential to inform and improve bridge asset management. Structural systems exhibited substantial unacknowledged capacity for a modest level of support restraint consistent with actual support conditions. For skewed bridges, inclusion of concrete cracking in analytical models substantially increased distribution factors at higher skews. System-based ultimate capacity increased with skew, but the first yielding initiation load-capacity was poorly correlated with skew despite the reduction of moment demands in girders. An assessment of load distribution methodologies (such as response based fractions and beam-line approach) showed significant disparities in estimating distribution factors at moderate to higher skews. The proposed ANN models, single-best-network and committee networks (CN), demonstrated prediction capability sufficient for capturing the complexity of mapping geometric and material properties to refine load ratings of existing steel girder bridges. The CN model showed improved accuracy with higher confidence on error than single-best-network due to diversity of its composition networks. The study highlighted the potential for ANNs to be employed in bridge management as a supplementary measure, helping bridge owners decide when to invest in more costly modeling and testing methods to increase recognized capacity in the existing bridge inventory

Structural System-Based Evaluation of Steel Girder Highway Bridges and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Implementation for Bridge Asset Management

Transportation agencies and bridge owners face ongoing challenges to extend service lives for aging bridge inventories and optimize maintenance strategies with limited resources. Conventional load rating based on line-girder analyses results in conservative capacity assessment and bridge management decisions, such as load posting. More rigorous system-based capacity assessment can benefit bridge management, but requires an investment of time and cultivation of expertise. When and how to use detailed 3D bridge analysis remains unclear in current practice. There is a need for an intermediate measure between routine and rigorous methods to supplement decision-making in bridge asset management. This study examined the potential benefits of detailed structural system-based evaluation and capacity assessment, and provided insight into using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in decision-making for when to employ more rigorous analysis methods or load testing in bridge asset management. Parametric case studies, using a detailed 3D FEM-based modeling approach, highlighted the complexities of structural system -behavior that are ignored or obscured in the 1D-line girder approach, but have potential to inform and improve bridge asset management. Structural systems exhibited substantial unacknowledged capacity for a modest level of support restraint consistent with actual support conditions. For skewed bridges, inclusion of concrete cracking in analytical models substantially increased distribution factors at higher skews. System-based ultimate capacity increased with skew, but the first yielding initiation load-capacity was poorly correlated with skew despite the reduction of moment demands in girders. An assessment of load distribution methodologies (such as response based fractions and beam-line approach) showed significant disparities in estimating distribution factors at moderate to higher skews. The proposed ANN models, single-best-network and committee networks (CN), demonstrated prediction capability sufficient for capturing the complexity of mapping geometric and material properties to refine load ratings of existing steel girder bridges. The CN model showed improved accuracy with higher confidence on error than single-best-network due to diversity of its composition networks. The study highlighted the potential for ANNs to be employed in bridge management as a supplementary measure, helping bridge owners decide when to invest in more costly modeling and testing methods to increase recognized capacity in the existing bridge inventory