Pertumbuhan Jamur, Sifat Organoleptik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Tempe Kedelai Hitam yang Diproduksi dengan Berbagai Jenis Inokulum

Kualitas tempe dipengaruhi oleh bahan baku, proses pengolahan dan jenis inokulum yang digunakan. Kedelai hitamdapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan tempe yang mempunyai kualitas seperti halnya tempe yang terbuat dari kedelai kuning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis inokulum dan lama inkubasi terhadap pertumbuhan jamu, sifat organoleptik dan aktivitas antioksidan tempe kedelai hitam. Penelitian ini menggunakan kedelai hitam varietas mallika sebagai bahan baku pembuatan tempe. Kedelai hitam yang telah dibuang kulitnya, direndam dan dikukus kemudian dicampur dengan inokulum yang berasal dari biakan murni Rhizopus stolonifer, R. oligosporus dan R. oryzae. Setelah itu diinkubasi selama 24, 30, 36 dan 42 jam pada suhu 25-27 oC. Parameter yang diamati adalah pertumbuhan jamur, sifat organoleptik dan aktivitas antioksidan tempe kedelai hitam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan jenis inokulum dan lama inkubasi berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan jamur, sifat organoleptik dan aktivtas antioksidan. Pertumbuhan jamur meningkat sampai lama inkubasi 36 jam, kemudian turun. Panelis memberikan nilai tertinggi pada tempe yang diinkubasi selama 36 jam. Ada kecenderungan lama inkubasi tempe meningkat aktivitas antioksidannya. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini Rhizopus stolonifer mempunyai karakteristik relatif lebih tinggi pertumbuhan jamur, sifat organoleptik dan aktivitas antioksidan dibandingkan jenis jamur yang lain pada lama inkubasi 30 jam

Faktor HLA-DRB pada Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru dengan Pengobatan Strategi DOTS

HLA-DRB factor in pulmonal tuberculosis with DOTS strategic treatmentBackground: Tuberculosis remains one of the world's greatest public health problems, especially in developing countries. In Indonesia the results of DOTS strategic treatment and conversion have not been fruitful results. Many factors play important roles in the success of DOTS strategic treatment, but a little attention was given to the immuno genetics aspects. This study was aimed at theassociation between HLA-DRB factors and clinical output on DOTS strategic treatment (after first 2 months of treatment):conversion of sputum smear positive.Method: A nested case control study was carried out. The exposure variables were alleles of HLA-DRB (result of PCR examination), while the independent variables were sputum smear positive and negative (result of laboratories examination with Ziehl Neelsen staining, Niacin test). Body mass index (BMI) and sex were confounding variables. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated using bivariate and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.Result: A total sample of 73 new patients with active tuberculosis (sputum smear positive) in developing treatment with DOTS strategic treatment, consist of 34 cases and 39 controls. The odds ratio (OR) of HLA-DRB1*1502 and HLA-DRB5*01 were 3.2 (95%CI: 1.103-9.287). The OR of HLA-DRB1*1201 was 0.305 (95% CI: 0.117-0.798), OR of HLA-DRB3*01 was 0.214 (95% CI: 0.077- 0.592). The PAR (population attributable rate) of HLA-DRB1*1502 and HLA-DRB%*01 were 42.64%. While confounding variables were analyzed, only allele HLA-DRB1*1502 was significant, OR 4.9 (95% CI: 1.234-15.617), the probability was 70.57%.Conclusion: HLA-DRB1*1502 is an allele is a risk factor for the conversion of sputum smear positive after 2 months of treatment

Proteomic networks associated with tumor-educated macrophage polarization and cytotoxicity potentiated by heat-killed tuberculosis

Local administration of attenuated mycobacterium has been used as a cancer treatment adjuvant to re-boost patient immune responses with variable clinical outcomes. We aimed to clarify the impact of attenuated heat-killed tuberculosis (HKTB) on tumor-associated macrophages which play critical roles in shaping immunological regulation in the tumor microenvironment. Upon HKTB stimulation, both primary macrophages derived from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and from lung cancer patients as well as THP1-derived classically activated macrophages (Ms) and tumor-educated macrophages (TEMs) were polarized into the proinflammatory phenotype, as characterized by increased expression cluster of differentiation 86. A quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that stimulated TEMs were unable to activate the toll-like receptor 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, or nuclear factor-κB signaling. Instead, they showed distinct intercellular adhesion molecule 1 signaling, impaired cell adhesion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These molecular mechanisms might contribute to lower cytotoxicity of HKTB-stimulated TEMs against A549 cells via the release of distinct inflammatory cytokines compared to HKTB-stimulated Ms. Our study provides an unbiased and systematic interpretation of cellular and molecular alterations of HKTB-reeducated macrophages which should help illuminate potential strategies of HKTB-stimulated macrophage-based combination therapy for cancer treatment. © 2022, The Author(s)