Thiertypen Säugethiere [Material gráfico]

Contenido parcial: II. Erste Reihe: Handthiere (Primates), Dritte Ordung: Die Halbaffen o der Aeffer (Hemipitheciod, Prosimii), Erste Familie: Kurzfüsser (Brachytarsi). Der Plumpe Lori, Der BartmakiContenido parcial: VII. VIII [Achte] Ordung: Die Klammerthiere (Tardigrada). Dus dreizehige faultierContenido parcial: VIII. Neunte Ordung: Die Schurrlhiere [Effodientia]. Narktschmänziges Gürtelthier (Dasypus Gymnurus). Zehnte Ordung: Die Kloaken oder Gubelthiere [Monotremata]. Ornithorhynchus paradoxus Schnabelthier / G. Mützel [grafiker]Contenido parcial: Fünfzehnte Ordung: Die Sierenen (Sirenia). Der schmalschanauzige Lamantin (Manatus australis) nach A. E. Brehm's illustrirtem ThierlebenContenido parcial: Die Wiederkäuer (Ruminantia). Entwickelungsstufen des Geweihes des Edelhirsches (Cervus elephus) nach Dr. W. SoemmeringFechas deducidas de la actividad del editorLám. con anilla

ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans

Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. We manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail and recorded biplanar fluoroscopic videos to measure a 'ligamentous' range of motion (ROM), which was then compared to an 'osteological' ROM on a ROM map. Nearly 95% of the joint poses predicted to be possible at the hip based on osteological manipulation were rendered impossible by ligamentous constraints. Because the hip joint capsule reliably includes a ventral ligamentous thickening in extant diapsids, the hip abduction of extinct ornithodirans with an offset femoral head and thin articular cartilage was probably similarly constrained by ligaments as that of birds. Consequently, in the absence of extraordinary evidence to the contrary, our analysis casts doubt on the 'batlike' hip pose traditionally inferred for pterosaurs and basal maniraptorans, and underscores that reconstructions of joint mobility based on manipulations of bones alone can be misleading

A Historical Analysis of the Quest for the Origins of Aging Macula Disorder, the Tissues Involved, and Its Terminology

Although ocular tissues involved in aging macula disorder (AMD) were already known in 300 BC, the last type of photoreceptors was discovered only 10 years ago. The earliest descriptions of AMD appeared around 1850. It took over 150 years, till a clearer concept of AMD was formulated and even longer to grasp its pathophysiology. The uncertainty of researchers about the pathogenesis of AMD over the last century is reflected in its changing terminology. The evolution of this terminology is provided in a table to afford the reader a better insight into explanations proposed by researchers during this quest