Fat free mass and obesity in relation to educational level

© 2009 Seppänen-Nuijten et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Σπλαχνική παχυσαρκία μετρούμενη με αξονική τομογραφία και υπερηχογραφία. Συσχέτιση με φλεγμονώδεις δείκτες και δυσλειτουργία ενδοθηλίου.

Στη παρούσα μελέτη ερευνήσαμε αν ο σπλαχνικός λιπώδης ιστός, ο οποίος μετρήθηκε υπερηχογραφικά και με CT, υπερέχει από την WC στη πρόγνωση της υποκλινικής καρωτιδικής αθηροσκλήρωσης. Εξετάσαμε 100 άτομα, άντρες και γυναίκες, χωρίς ιστορικό καρδιαγγειακής νόσου ή σακχαρώδους διαβήτη. Το σπλαχνικό λίπος μετρήθηκε υπερηχογραφικά και με CT και το πάχος του CCA-ΙΜΤ με B-mode υπερηχογραφία. Τόσο το σπλαχνικό λίπος όσο και η WC συσχετίστηκαν θετικά με τον ΔΜΣ, τα τριγλυκερίδια, το ουρικό οξύ, τη συστολική/διαστολική ΑΠ, την υψηλής ευαισθησίας CRP και αντιστρόφως ανάλογα με την HDL χοληστερόλη. Ωστόσο, μόνο το σπλαχνικό λίπος παρουσίασε σημαντική συσχέτιση με το CCA-IMT (r=0.309, p=0.002). Η πολυπαραγοντική ανάλυση λογιστικής παλινδρόμησης έδειξε ότι ο σπλαχνικός λιπώδης ιστός, αλλά όχι η WC, ήταν ανεξάρτητος προγνωστικός δείκτης καρωτιδικών πλακών μετά την προσαρμογή για παράγοντες καρδιαγγειακού κινδύνου [odds ratio (OR):1.017; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.003-1.031; p=0.017] και η συσχέτιση αυτή συνεχίστηκε και μετά από πρόσθετη προσαρμογή για τη WC (OR:1.024; 95% CI:1.003-1.031; p=0.027). Τα στοιχεία μας δείχνουν ότι, για την εκτίμηση της αθηρωματικής επιβάρυνσης σε υγιή άτομα, η μέτρηση του σπλαχνικού λιπώδους ιστού με απλή υπερηχογραφική μέθοδο ή με αξονική τομογραφία, είναι ανώτερη μέθοδος από τη μέτρηση της WC.We investigated whether visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured by ultrasonography or computed tomography, is superior to waist circumference (WC) in predicting the presence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. We recruited 100 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. VAT was measured by ultrasonography and computed tomography and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) by B-mode ultrasonography. Both VAT and WC were positively associated with body mass index, triglycerides, uric acid, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and inversely correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, only VAT was associated with CCA-IMT (r=0.309, p=0.002). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that VAT but not WC was independent predictor of carotid plaques after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors [odds ratio (OR):1.017; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.003-1.031; p=0.017] and this association persisted after additional adjustment for WC (OR:1.024; 95% CI:1.003-1.031; p=0.027). Our data suggest that VAT measured by a simple ultrasonographic method or by computed tomography is superior to WC in assessing the atherosclerotic burden in healthy individuals

The physique associated with coronary artery disease

Studies within this thesis have investigated various aspects of the relationship between physique, coronary artery disease (CAD) and certain CAD risk factors. Data presented was collected on two separate occasions. Firstly, in a hospital setting on men undergoing investigative coronary angiography (CAD men), and secondly during a university health-screening programme (healthy men). Physique has been described using body mass and height, somatotype, skinfolds, girth measurements and various skinfold and girth ratios. CAD risk factors were related to ’metabolic fitness’ : fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the LDL-C ; HDL-C ratio. A unique aspect of certain studies is that a proportionality technique was used to adjust the anthropometric measurements for variation in body mass and stature. Also, an angiographic scoring system was used to describe the severity of atherosclerosis as a continuous rather than dichotomous variable. Anthropometric measurements were not related to the severity of atherosclerosis and there was no discernible pattern of subcutaneous adiposity (skinfolds) in the CAD or healthy men. However, in relation to age-matched healthy men, the CAD men were heavier (P < 0.01), had a greater BMI (P < 0.01), biceps skinfold (P < 0.05) and subscapular skinfold (P < 0.001). The CAD men also had significantly greater waist and abdominal girths, abdominal sagittal diameter (ASD), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), abdomen-to-hip ratio (AHR), waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and ASD-to-height ratio (ASD/Ht) (all P < 0.001). When the skinfolds and girths were adjusted for variation in stature the differences in biceps and subscpaular skinfolds, and waist and abdominal girths remained. However, when adjusted for body mass variation the differences were no longer apparent. Abdomen and waist girths exhibited a closer association with TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and the LDL-C : HDL-C ratio than skinfolds. A higher waist or abdominal girth was positively correlated with TG (P < 0.01), and the LDL-C : HDL-C ratio (P < 0.01) but negatively with HDL-C (P < 0.01). Adjusting for stature had no effect on these relationships, but adjusting for body mass reduced them considerably. In studies focusing on somatotype, both the CAD and healthy men were characterised by high ratings for endomorphy and mesomorphy but low ratings for ectomorphy. The CAD men had a small but significantly greater endomorphy rating (P = 0.038) and the healthy men had a small but significantly greater ectomorphy rating (P = 0.006). Somatotype was not related to the angiographic findings but a somatotype of low endomorphy and high ectomorphy was associated with a better metabolic profile in terms of cardiovascular disease risk. In conclusion, CAD men appear to have a physique characterised by abdominal obesity, a higher rating of endomorphy and a low rating for ectomorphy. However, a distinctive skinfold pattern is not apparent. Normalising anthropometric measurements for stature does not affect the relationship between elevated serum lipids and abdominal obesity but adjusting for body mass does

Newborn feeding and infant phenotype

Breastfeeding in infancy, when compared with formula feeding, is associated with a reduced incidence of components of the metabolic syndrome later in life. One potential mechanism is via an effect on lipid metabolism and storage, manifesting as altered adiposity and ectopic lipid deposition. I have examined the null hypothesis: no association is detectable between infant feeding and adiposity or ectopic lipid in infancy, through a meta-analysis of published studies and a prospective cohort study of healthy infants employing gold standard direct measurement techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy). Eleven studies were identified for meta-analysis: in formula-fed compared to breastfed infants, fat mass was lower at 3-4 months [mean difference (95% confidence interval)]: [-0.09 kg (-0.18, -0.01 kg)] and 6 months [-0.18 kg (- 0.34, -0.01 kg)]. Conversely, at 12 months, fat mass was higher in formula-fed infants [0.29 kg (-0.03, 0.61 kg)] than in breastfed infants. Eighty-seven infants were included in a prospective cohort, of which 73 were investigated at two time points. In healthy, term, breastfed infants adipose tissue accretion between birth and 2-3 months ages was predominantly within subcutaneous rather than internal adipose tissue compartments, and a significant increase in intrahepatocellular lipid was detected: median [interquartile range] 0.653 [0.367-1.900] after birth and 1.837 [1.408-2.429] at 2-3 months. Comparing breastfed with formula fed infants within this cohort no significant differences were detected in total adipose tissue, adipose tissue distribution or intrahepatocellular lipid between birth and 2-3 months. Significant associations were detected between maternal BMI, rate of weight gain in early infancy and gender, and adipose tissue partitioning at 2-3 months. While method of feeding is associated with altered infant fat mass up to 6 months, no association is detectable with adipose tissue partitioning or ectopic hepatic lipid at 2-3 months.Open Acces

Cineantropometría: composición corporal y somatotipo de futbolistas que desarrollan su actividad física en equipos de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid

Definimos Cineantropometría como el estudio del tamaño, forma, proporcionalidad, composición, maduración biológica y función corporal; con objeto de entender el proceso del crecimiento, el ejercicio, el rendimiento deportivo y la nutrición. OBJETIVOS: Estudio controlado, transversal, no randomizado, de tipo observacional y analítico cineantropométrico. MATERIAL Y METODO: Utilizamos el protocolo de medidas establecido por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (I.S.A.K.) y aceptadas por el Grupo Español de Cineantropometría. RESULTADOS: La talla media de todos los jugadores estudiados es de 176.64 cm; peso 77.01Kg, porcentaje de grasa derecho 8.04% e izquierdo 8.10%, masa ósea derecha 11.72Kg e izquierda 11.59Kg, masa muscular derecha 38.46Kg e izquierda 38.55Kg, peso residual 18.56Kg, somatotipo derecho e izquierdo Endo - Mesomorfo. CONCLUSIONES: 1. La homogeneidad interpoblacional aparece como un rasgo característico general de los jugadores de fútbol investigados, patente cuando los analizamos por categoría profesional, pero existe cierta heterogeneidad al distinguirlos en base a su posición en el terreno de juego. 2. La heterogeneidad intrapoblacional aparece como rasgo específico manifestado en los porteros, futbolistas que muestran una tipología propia cuando se analizan por su posición en el terreno de juego, desarrollando un morfotipo característico, siendo los futbolistas más altos y pesados. 3. La talla es superior en los jugadores de fútbol profesionales, lo que no corresponde a un mayor peso. Los futbolistas de la 2ªB división son los deportistas más bajos y asimismo los más ligeros. 4. Los jugadores de fútbol más altos y más pesados son los porteros no profesionales, y los delanteros de la 2ªB división los más bajos y livianos. 5. Los somatotipos no valoran la asimetría, pero registran información de la diferencia entre el lado derecho y el izquierdo en estudios particulares. 6. La heterogeneidad intragrupo reafirma nuestro objetivo de estudiar a los jugadores de fútbol como dos hemimitades independientes. La variabilidad entre el hemicuerpo derecho e izquierdo expuesta en las conclusiones precedentes no cuestiona en ningún momento la aceptación universalmente aprobada y base del método científico utilizado en la presente investigación de considerar las mediciones realizadas en el lado derecho equivalentes al futbolista en su conjunto