COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE STEM VOLUME AND TAPER EQUATIONS VOLUME FOR BLACK WATTLE TREES

A system of equations widely used in Forest Engineering by the international community of researchers consists of a combination of a volumetric function and a taper function, with the purpose of making volume estimates compatible. When using the volume function and the taper function in a system, the result of the volume estimated by the two functions should be compatible, meaning that the volume estimated by the volumetric function should not differ from the volume obtained by integrating the taper function. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to develop and present the procedures of a system of equations to make volume estimates from both volume and taper equations compatible, and then compare it to the traditional approach, which is used in forestry companies. The procedures proposed were applied to a data set on the Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (black wattle) at sites where the plantation of this species is concentrated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The data set included 343 trees ranging from 5 to 10.75 years of age. It was noted that the lack of volume compatibility, in absolute terms, grows exponentially with the size of the tree. The quality of the estimates using the system of compatible equations did not differ from those obtained from the traditional model, therefore, the former is preferable. Furthermore, it was noted that the residuals from the volume and taper equations are correlated, which suggests that the system of equations be fitted simultaneously

COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE SPURR FUNCTION VOLUME AND THE KOZAK’S TAPER FUNCTION AND QUINTIC POLYNOMIAL VOLUMES FOR BLACK WATTLE TREES

When modeling the taper and volume, it is desired that the volume estimates obtained by using these two methods are compatible, where the total stem volume estimates shall not differ when using a total volume equation and the volume calculated by integrating the taper equation. There are several of such systems proposed in the literature, in which modifications in the volume and taper models were made to obtain compatible systems. This paper introduces an idea to obtain compatibility in a simpler way, without the need to modify the volume and taper models. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to develop and present a procedure to obtain compatibility between the Spurr function volume and the Kozak’s taper function and quintic polynomial volumes for Acacia mearnsii De Wild trees and compare the results to the traditional method of the same system of equations. The procedures proposed were applied on data on the Acacia mearnsii De Wild (black wattle) species in the towns of Cristal, Piratini, and Encruzilhada in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data set included 343 trees ranging from 5 to 10.75 years of age. The quality of the fitting for the volume and taper equations fitted using procedures 1 and 2 is similar, and both are compatible. The system of equations presented in procedure 2 is simpler to be applied when compared to procedure 1

VARIÁVEIS DE ACIDEZ E CÁLCIO E MAGNÉSIO TROCÁVEIS NUM LATOSSOLO TRATADO COM UM BIOSSÓLIDO ALCALINIZADO E FOSFATADO

Biossólido de esgoto alcalinizado enriquecido com fósforo (P) pode aumentar o P extraível e afetar adicionalmente as variáveis de acidez e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis do solo. Este fato também pode reduzir problemas com sua destinação final e atrair produtores à utilização de quantidades adequadas destes biossólidos na agricultura por reduzir seus custos com operações de adubação e correção de solos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as variáveis de acidez e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico tratado com biossólido alcalinizado que recebeu diferentes níveis de fósforo (P) de três fontes após o cultivo do feijoeiro em casa de vegetação. Um biossólido alcalinizado recebeu 0% P, 0,436% P, 0,872% P e 1,745% P de fosfato natural parcialmente acidulado Alvorada, superfosfato simples e superfosfato triplo. Para o estabelecimento dos tratamentos recomendou-se 45,85 kg P ha-1 a partir dos tratamentos, exceto do nível 0% P. Quatro níveis e 3 fontes de adição de P geraram 12 tratamentos com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em 2,5 kg de solo em vasos cultivados com 6 plantas de feijoeiro (cv. IPR Uirapuru). Após a colheita das plantas as análises mostraram aumento do pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol dm-3) e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis e diminuição do alumínio trocável e acidez potencial do solo devido aos tratamentos. As variáveis avaliadas mostraram as maiores alterações em função dos níveis 0,436% de adição de P em lodo de esgoto alcalinizado a partir de fosfato natural parcialmente acidulado Alvorada e superfosfato simples.The alkaline biosolid enriched by phosphorus (P) can increase the soil extractable P and and exert further effects about soil acidity variables and exchangeable calcium and magnesium. This fact can also contributes to the reduction of problems related to its final destination and attract farmers to the use of adequate quantities of these biosolids in agriculture by reduce his costs with soil fertilizers and liming operations. This work aimed to evaluate the acidity variables and exchangeable calcium and magnesium on an Oxisol treated with an alkaline biosolid that received different levels of phosphorus (P) from three sources after common bean grown under greenhouse condition. An alkaline biosolid received 0% P, 0.436% P, 0.872% P and 1.745% P from the partially acidulated rock phosphate Alvorada, single superphosphate and triple superphosphate. To the treatment establishment was recommended 45.85 kg P ha-1 from the treatments, except from the 0% P. Four levels and 3 sources of P addition generated 12 treatments with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 2.5 kg dry weight of an Oxisol from Contenda, PR, Brazil, in vases which was cultivated with 6 common bean plants (cv. IPR Uirapuru). After the plant harvest the soil analysis showed increases in the soil pH (CaCl2 0.01 mol dm-3), exchangeable calcium, magnesium and decreases in aluminum and potential acidity due to the treatments. The assessed variables showed the larger alterations due to the levels 0.436% of P addition in alkaline biosolid from partially acidulated rock phosphate Alvorada and single superphosphate

ATTRIBUTES OF ACIDITY AND EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN OXISOL FERTILIZED BY PHOSPHATE ALKALINE BIOSOLID ATRIBUTOS DE ACIDEZ E CÁTIONS TROCÁVEIS EM LATOSSOLO FERTILIZADO POR BIOSSÓLIDO ALCALINIZADO FOSFATADO

ABSTRACT Alkaline biosolid enriched by phosphorus (P) increase soil extractable P more than applied alone. It also can exert further effects above soil acidity attributes and exchangeable calcium and magnesium. These facts can contribute to the solution of problems with final destination, attracting farmers to use of adequate quantities of these biosolids by reducing his costs with P fertilization and liming operations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the acidity attributes pH (CaCl2 0.01 mol dm-3), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity and exchangeable calcium and magnesium on an acidic Oxisol fertilized with alkaline biosolid phosphated with different levels of phosphorus from three sources after common bean grown under greenhouse condition. An alkaline biosolid was phosphate with 0% P, 0.436% P, 0.872% P and 1.745% P from partially acidulated rock phosphate Alvorada, single superphosphate and triple superphosphate. To stablish the treatments was recommended 45.85 kg P ha-1 of P from the levels of P added, except from 0% P. Four levels and 3 sources of P generated 12 treatments with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 2.5 kg dry weight of Oxisol from Arapoti, PR, Brazil, in vases, which was cultivated with 6 common bean plants (cv. IPR Uirapuru). Under these experimental conditions phosphate alkaline biosolid applied in acidic Oxisol provided the largest increases of soil pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium and decreases in exchangeable aluminum and potential acidity with the level of 0.436% P from the partially acidulated rock phosphate Alvorada and single superphosphate. RESUMO Biossólido alcalinizado enriquecido com fósforo (P) aumenta o P extraível mais do que aplicado sozinho. Também pode exercer efeitos adicionais sobre os atributos de acidez e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis do solo. Estes fatos podem contribuir para solução de problemas de destinação final, atraindo produtores à utilização de quantidades adequadas destes biossólidos por reduzir seus custos com adubação e correção de solos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos de acidez pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol dm-3), alumínio trocável, acidez potencial e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis em Latossolo fertilizado com biossólido de esgoto alcalinizado fosfatado com diferentes níveis de fósforo de três fontes após o cultivo de feijoeiro comum em casa de vegetação. Um biossólido alcalinizado foi fosfatado com 0% P, 0,436% P, 0,872% P e 1,745% P de fosfato natural parcialmente acidulado Alvorada, superfosfato simples e superfosfato triplo. Para estabelecer os tratamentos recomendou-se 45,85 kg ha-1 de P a partir dos níveis de P adicionado, exceto do nível 0% P. Quatro níveis e 3 fontes de P adicionado geraram 12 tratamentos com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram aplicados a 2,5 kg de Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, ácido, em vasos cultivados com 6 plantas de feijoeiro (cv. IPR Uirapuru). Sob estas condições experimentais biossólido de esgoto alcalinizado fosfatado proporcionou os maiores aumentos de pH do solo e cálcio e magnésio trocáveis e diminuições do alumínio trocável e acidez potencial com o nível de 0.436% P de fosfato natural parcialmente acidulado Alvorada e superfosfato simples

NONPARAMETRIC METHOD: KERNEL DENSITY ESTIMATION APPLIED TO FORESTRY DATA

Probability density function can be fitted through parametric or non-parametric methods. The use of a non-parametric method is interesting and appropriate, considering its flexibility and better adjustment to multimodal data. The objective of the present study was to compare the performance of the non-parametric distribution in relation to the parametric distribution in these cases. We used six separate sets of forest database with bimodality and asymmetric characteristics. The probability density functions were estimated for each set of data using the KDE method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the KDE method, parametric probability distributions were also adjusted for the same data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the goodness of fit of the parametric distributions. The distributions obtained through the two methods were compared graphically to identify if the nonparametric and parametric methods are equally efficient to obtain the underlying distribution, especially for bimodal and asymmetric distributions. The KDE method is an appropriate alternative for describing probability distributions in forest data, especially when bi- or multimodality occurs

Estimativa de Biomassa e Carbono em Plantios de Pinus Taeda l. Utilizando Imagens do Satélite Ikonos II

The main objective of the present paper was to develop amethodology using IKONOS II satellite images to estimate aboveground biomass and organic carbon content in Pinus taeda plantations.The methodology used, after field data collection, was to analyse the correlation matrix between satellite band values of reflectancy andvegetation indexes with above ground biomass and organic carboncontent, adjust and selection of regression equations to estimate aboveground biomass and organic carbon content as function of satellitevariables, such as reflectancy bands of MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4, MS-4MS-3 ratio, NDVI and SAVI , and quantification of the dependentvariables for the whole study area. The use of IKONOS II satellite imagesshowed satisfactory results, allowing to estimate above ground biomassand organic crbon content, needing for such fitting the appropriatemathematical models.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia utilizandoimagens do satélite IKONOS II para realizar estimativas de biomassaaérea e carbono orgânico em plantações de Pinus taeda. O desenvolvimentometodológico foi realizado inicialmente com a obtenção dos dados, seguindo-seda análise estatística da matriz de correlação entre os valores das bandas e índicesde vegetação e os dados de biomassa aérea e carbono orgânico, o ajuste e seleçãode equações para estimar a biomassa e o carbono orgânico como variáveis dependentesem função de variáveis independentes provenientes das imagens de saté-lite, tais como a reflectância das bandas MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4, Razão deBandas (MS-4/MS-3), NDVI e SAVI, e a quantificação das variáveis dependentespara toda a área de estudo. A utilização de imagens provenientes do satéliteIKONOS II apresentou resultados satisfatórios, possibilitando com quequantificações da biomassa aérea e carbono possam ser realizadas, necessitandopara tanto que modelos matemáticos sejam ajustados

INFLUENCE OF THE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON FOREST FIRES OCCURRENCES IN LICHINGA DISTRICT, NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the influence of meteorological conditions on the fire occurrences in forest stands of Lichinga district, in the period from 2010 to 2012. Data about fire occurrences records of the district of Lichinga and two others close districts (Lago and Sanga) were provided by the Center for Monitoring and Control of Forest Fires (CCMIF) of the company Chikweti. Daily weather data: temperature, rainfall and relative humidity of the same period, recorded at 13:00 PM, by the meteorological station of the Institute of Agronomic Research of Mozambique (IIAM) in Lichinga district were also provided to this work. Meteorological data were submitted to regression analysis and Tukey test. The results showed a significant variation in temperature and humidity on both tests. The overlapping of fire occurrences and meteorological variables, suggested a great influence of the meteorological conditions in the occurrence of fires, mainly due to the very long dry periods. In 2010 there was a delay in the occurrence of fires; this was related to the rainy season which was slightly longer. September and October was the months that recorded the highest number of fire occurrences throughout the studied period.ResumoInfluência das condições meteorológicas na ocorrência dos incêndios florestais no distrito de Lichinga, norte de Moçambique. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das variáveis meteorológicas na ocorrência de incêndios em povoamentos florestais no distrito de Lichinga, no período de 2010 a 2012. Para tal, foram analisados os registros de ocorrências de incêndios do distrito de Lichinga e de outros dois distritos vizinhos (Lago e Sanga), disponibilizados pelo Centro de Controle e Monitoramento de Incêndios Florestais (CCMIF) da empresa Chikweti Forest of Niassa, e dados meteorológicos diários de temperatura (máxima e mínima), precipitação e umidade relativa, do mesmo período, registrados às 13 horas, pela estação meteorológica do Instituto de Investigação Agronômica de Moçambique em Lichinga (IIAM-Lichinga). Os dados meteorológicos foram submetidos ao teste de análise de regressão e ao teste de Tukey, tendo sido observado uma variação significativa da temperatura e umidade em ambos os testes. A sobreposição das ocorrências dos incêndios com as variáveis meteorológicas demostrou uma grande influênca dessas variáveis na ocorrência dos incêndios, principalmente devido aos períodos secos prolongados. No ano 2010 observou-se um atraso na ocorrência dos incêndios, devido ao período chuvoso que foi ligeiramente mais longo. Os meses que registraram maior número de ocorrências em todo o período foram setembro e outubro.Palavras-chave: Povoamentos florestais; variáveis meteorológicas; prevenção de incêndios florestais

VIABILITY OF THE MINI-CUTTING TECHNIQUE IN THE PRODUCTION OF Drimys brasiliensis Miers SEEDLINGS

Drimys brasiliensis, popularly known as cataia or casca-d'anta, is a tree species native to the Atlantic Forest and belonging to the family Winteraceae. Due to its seeds have dormancy due to embryonic immaturity, the present work aimed to evaluate the viability of the mini-cutting technique in D. brasiliensis in different seasons of collection of the propagules. Mini-cuttings from seedlings sprouts previously produced by conventional cutting were collected at six different times (December/2015, February/2016, April/2016, June/2016, August/2016 and October/2016), made 6-8 cm long, with bevel cut at the base and rectum at the apex, keeping two leaves with their area halved. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 14 mini-cuttings per experimental unit. The mini-cuttings were planted in tubes with substrate containing vermiculite and carbonized rice husk (1:1) and kept in a heated greenhouse. After 120 days, the percentage of rooted mini-cuttings, number of roots per mini-cuttings, length of the three largest roots by mini-cuttings, percentage of mini-cuttings with callus, live, dead, with shoots and leaves that maintained their original leaves were evaluated. Rooting percentages of mini-cuttings were greater than 75% regardless of the season of the year in which the propagules were collected. The adventitious root formation of D. brasiliensis occurs indirectly, from the callus tissue formed at the base of the mini-cuttings. The mini-cuttings technique is recommended for the production of seedlings of the species, at any seasons of the year

ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA EM COBERTURA PARA O FEIJOEIRO EM PLANTIO DIRETO NA PALHA

Field trials were carried out in the agricultural years of 1996/97 and 1997/98, respectively, at the Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa Farm School, and at the Colégio Agrícola de Palmeira Farm. Both places have eight years history of no tillage system. The objective was to study nitrogen fertilization for dry beans under no till system. There were evaluated yield and their components of the dry beans culture at harvest, and morphological modifications and dry matter of the plant at different vegetative stadium, from V29. The experimental design employed was a randomized complete block, with six treatments (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg of N.ha-1) and five replications with the 'FT Nobre' dry beans variety. Even considering the large number of variables determination, only a few showed significant statistical differences. The yield and components confirmed the nitrogen effect instability on no till system for dry beans culture. Anyway, disconsidering the statistical differences, both experiments showed high yield, like more then twice the State of Paraná average and like four times the country one. Both experiments showed that morphological aspects and MS determination of the plant or parts of them, produced results that agree with the yield results. The conclusion is that it is not possible to confirm that the organic matter presence, very common on no till system, conduct to less exigency for nitrogen and confirm that the dry beans culture answers for nitrogen fertilization, either at no till system, are so variable.Nos anos agrícolas de 1996/97 e 1997/98 foram conduzidos experimentos, respectivamente, na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa e na Fazenda do Colégio Agrícola de Palmeira. Ambas as propriedades com histórico de oito anos de plantio direto na palha. O objetivo foi o de estudar a adubação nitrogenada para a cultura do feijoeiro semeado em plantio direto na palha. Avaliou-se o rendimento da cultura e seus componentes, na colheita e aspectos da morfologia e matéria seca (MS) da planta em diferentes estádios vegetativos de V2 a R9. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 kg de N.ha-1) e cinco repetições. Utilizou-se como indicadora a variedade de feijão 'FT Nobre'. Mesmo tendo sido feitas muitas determinações apenas algumas mostraram efeito dos tratamentos que fossem estatisticamente significativos. O rendimento de grãos e seus componentes comprovaram, em plantio direto na palha, a instabilidade do efeito do nitrogênio para a cultura do feijoeiro, de qualquer modo, independente de diferenças estatisticamente significativas, em ambos os experimentos foram obtidas produtividades bastante altas que, em média, superam as produtividades do Estado do Paraná em mais de duas vezes e a brasileira em mais de quatro vezes. Nos dois experimentos, tanto os aspectos morfológicos quanto a determinação da MS da planta ou de parte dela mostraram resultados concordantes com os do rendimento de grãos. Assim, concluiu-se que não é possível assegurar que a presença de matéria orgânica em maior abundância, comum no plantio direto na palha, resulte em menor exigência da cultura do feijoeiro por nitrogênio e que se confirma, também para plantio direto na palha, que o nitrogênio é nutriente de respostas variadas, nem sempre de acordo com o esperado para a cultura do feijoeiro

ARRANJOS ESPACIAIS PARA A CULTURA DO FEIJOEIRO EM SISTEMA DE SEMEADURA CONVENCIONAL

A field trial was carried out at Cangüiri Experimental Station of The Universidade Federal do Paraná from January, 13th till April, 18th 2000. The objective was to determine the most adequated spatial arrangement for dry beans in conventional crop system. The variety used was 'FT Bionobre'. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four treatments (0.30 m, 0.40 m, 0.50 m and 0.60 m row width) arranged in strips and six replications. There were evaluated: yield, grain weight, seeds per pod and apparent harvest index. In order to evaluate the morphological characteristics, a randomized complete block for width row, with developmental stages V4, R6, R7, R8 and R9 split plot on it, was used. Plots were formed by ten rows with 5.0 m length. Populations were standardized by thinning in the four width rows, in which remained about 8.1; 10.8; 13.5; and 16.2 plants.m-1. Tendency of leaf area increasing and apparent harvest index decreasing was observed when row width was increased. Greater leaf area associated with low water availability can have contributed to diminish the yield. Yield in 0.30 m row width was greater than the yield in 0.60 m.Com o objetivo de determinar o arranjo espacial mais adequado para o feijoeiro, em sistema de semeadura convencional, realizou-se um experimento na Estação Experimental do Cangüiri, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, no período de 13/01 a 18/04/2000 (cultivo das secas), utilizando a variedade 'FT Bionobre'. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (espaçamentos de 0,30 m, 0,40 m, 0,50 m e 0,60 m, entre fileiras) arranjados em faixas e seis repetições para avaliação do rendimento e seus componentes, bem como do índice de colheita aparente. Para as avaliações das características morfológicas os tratamentos foram formados por parcelas subdivididas nos estádios de desenvolvimento V4, R6, R7, R8 e R9. Cada parcela foi composta de dez fileiras de semeadura com 5,0 m de comprimento. A população foi padronizada nos quatro espaçamentos, pelo desbaste, ficando com média de 8,1; 10,8; 13,5 e 16,2 plantas.m-1. Verificou-se que, com o aumento do espaçamento entre fileiras, houve tendência de redução do índice de colheita aparente e de aumento na área foliar. A maior área foliar pode ter contribuído para a redução do rendimento em razão da baixa disponibilidade hídrica. O rendimento das plantas, no espaçamento de 0,30 m foi superior ao do espaçamento de 0,60m