Platão contra um certo platonismo: a crítica da hipótese das Ideias no "Parmênides"

I present in this text a reading of the first part (127a-135c) of the Parmenides dialogue. My purpose is to demonstrate the possibility that the criticisms objected by the old Parmenides to the Platonic hypothesis of Ideas, exposed and defended by the young Socrates, are not lethal to the same hypothesis, since they are based on two presuppositions that are extraneous and unnecessary to it. First, Parmenides' assumption that the "distinction" (diéiresai) between Ideas and things that participate of them is equivalent to a total "separation" (choris) of both (Prm. 130b). Second, the fact that the Eleatic, in constructing his arguments, treats the Ideas as if they were material things, that is, such as the things that are objects of our sensory perception. I intend to show how these two assumptions support the theoretical difficulties arising from the questions addressed by Parmenides to Socrates, which the latter cannot answer. In the end, my suggestion is that Plato put into the mouth of the old Eleatic an erroneous interpretation of his own hypothesis of Ideas. In this sense, our Philosopher, in the Parmenides dialogue, would be fighting a certain platonism.I present in this text a reading of the first part (127a-135c) of the Parmenides dialogue. My purpose is to demonstrate the possibility that the criticisms objected by the old Parmenides to the Platonic hypothesis of Ideas, exposed and defended by the young Socrates, are not lethal to the same hypothesis, since they are based on two presuppositions that are extraneous and unnecessary to it. First, Parmenides' assumption that the "distinction" (diéiresai) between Ideas and things that participate of them is equivalent to a total "separation" (choris) of both (Prm. 130b). Second, the fact that the Eleatic, in constructing his arguments, treats the Ideas as if they were material things, that is, such as the things that are objects of our sensory perception. I intend to show how these two assumptions support the theoretical difficulties arising from the questions addressed by Parmenides to Socrates, which the latter cannot answer. In the end, my suggestion is that Plato put into the mouth of the old Eleatic an erroneous interpretation of his own hypothesis of Ideas. In this sense, our Philosopher, in the Parmenides dialogue, would be fighting a certain platonism.I present in this text a reading of the first part (127a-135c) of the Parmenides dialogue. My purpose is to demonstrate the possibility that the criticisms objected by the old Parmenides to the Platonic hypothesis of Ideas, exposed and defended by the young Socrates, are not lethal to the same hypothesis, since they are based on two presuppositions that are extraneous and unnecessary to it. First, Parmenides' assumption that the "distinction" (diéiresai) between Ideas and things that participate of them is equivalent to a total "separation" (choris) of both (Prm. 130b). Second, the fact that the Eleatic, in constructing his arguments, treats the Ideas as if they were material things, that is, such as the things that are objects of our sensory perception. I intend to show how these two assumptions support the theoretical difficulties arising from the questions addressed by Parmenides to Socrates, which the latter cannot answer. In the end, my suggestion is that Plato put into the mouth of the old Eleatic an erroneous interpretation of his own hypothesis of Ideas. In this sense, our Philosopher, in the Parmenides dialogue, would be fighting a certain platonism.I present in this text a reading of the first part (127a-135c) of the Parmenides dialogue. My purpose is to demonstrate the possibility that the criticisms objected by the old Parmenides to the Platonic hypothesis of Ideas, exposed and defended by the young Socrates, are not lethal to the same hypothesis, since they are based on two presuppositions that are extraneous and unnecessary to it. First, Parmenides' assumption that the "distinction" (diéiresai) between Ideas and things that participate of them is equivalent to a total "separation" (choris) of both (Prm. 130b). Second, the fact that the Eleatic, in constructing his arguments, treats the Ideas as if they were material things, that is, such as the things that are objects of our sensory perception. I intend to show how these two assumptions support the theoretical difficulties arising from the questions addressed by Parmenides to Socrates, which the latter cannot answer. In the end, my suggestion is that Plato put into the mouth of the old Eleatic an erroneous interpretation of his own hypothesis of Ideas. In this sense, our Philosopher, in the Parmenides dialogue, would be fighting a certain platonism. I present in this text a reading of the first part (127a-135c) of the Parmenides dialogue. My purpose is to demonstrate the possibility that the criticisms objected by the old Parmenides to the Platonic hypothesis of Ideas, exposed and defended by the young Socrates, are not lethal to the same hypothesis, since they are based on two presuppositions that are extraneous and unnecessary to it. First, Parmenides' assumption that the "distinction" (diéiresai) between Ideas and things that participate of them is equivalent to a total "separation" (choris) of both (Prm. 130b). Second, the fact that the Eleatic, in constructing his arguments, treats the Ideas as if they were material things, that is, such as the things that are objects of our sensory perception. I intend to show how these two assumptions support the theoretical difficulties arising from the questions addressed by Parmenides to Socrates, which the latter cannot answer. In the end, my suggestion is that Plato put into the mouth of the old Eleatic an erroneous interpretation of his own hypothesis of Ideas. In this sense, our Philosopher, in the Parmenides dialogue, would be fighting a certain platonism.Apresento nesse texto uma leitura da primeira parte (127a-135c) do diálogo Parmênides. Meu objetivo é demonstrar a possibilidade de que as críticas objetadas pelo velho Parmênides à hipótese platônica das Ideias, exposta e defendida pelo jovem Sócrates, não são letais à mesma hipótese, uma vez que estão assentadas em dois pressupostos que a ela são alheios e desnecessários. Primeiro, a pressuposição de Parmênides de que a “distinção” (diéiresai) entre Ideias e coisas delas participantes seja equivalente a total “separação” (chorís) entre ambas (Prm. 130b). Segundo, o fato de que o Eleata, na construção de seus argumentos, trata das Ideias como se fossem coisas materiais, isto é, tais como as coisas que são objetos de nossa percepção sensível. Pretendo mostrar de que forma esses dois pressupostos sustentam as dificuldades teóricas decorrentes das perguntas dirigidas por Parmênides a Sócrates, as quais esse último não consegue responder. Ao final, minha sugestão é de que Platão tenha posto na boca do velho Eleata uma interpretação errônea de sua própria hipótese das Ideias. Nesse sentido, nosso Filósofo, no diálogo Parmênides, estaria combatendo um certo platonismo

Magnetic vortex observation in sub-micrometric tri-dimensional caps

Orientadores: Flavio Garcia, Eduardo Granado Monteiro da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb WataghinResumo: Neste trabalho fizemos um estudo sistemático de filmes compostos por multicamadas Co/Pd depositados sobre arranjos auto-organizados de esferas de látex submicrométricas (50 ¿ 1000 nm). O filme depositado sobre a esfera (não-magnética) forma uma calota magnética com espessura variável. As espessuras de Co e Pd foram escolhidas de modo a obter duas classes de multicamadas, uma com anisotropia intrínseca perpendicular e outra com anisotropia intrínseca planar, quando depositadas sobre um substrato plano. Os arranjos de calotas com anisotropia intrínseca perpendicular que produzimos têm um comportamento magnético que reproduz resultados publicados recentemente na literatura. Para os sistemas com anisotropia intrínseca planar a microestrutura magnética é profundamente dependente da forma tridimensional da calota, assim como do seu tamanho. A investigação destas calotas envolveu caracterizações magnéticas por efeito Hall extraordinário, efeito Kerr magneto-ótico e SQUID, análise estrutural por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e sondagem da configuração da magnetização por microscopia de força magnética (MFM). Para esferas menores (diâmetros de 50 e 100 nm), as imagens de TEM mostram que as calotas segmentam-se em nanopilares orientados radialmente. Em concordância com as caracterizações magnéticas, propomos que a segmentação em pilares induz uma anisotropia efetiva radial nessas calotas menores. Nas calotas maiores (500 e 1000 nm) estudamos a influência do gradiente de espessura, medido por TEM, sobre a anisotropia efetiva ao longo da esfera. Nestas calotas as multicamadas são contínuas e, correlacionando caracterizações magnéticas, imagens de TEM, medidas de MFM e simulações micromagnéticas, chegamos à conclusão de que a magnetização forma um vórtice em seu topo, influenciada pela forma tridimensional da calota. O núcleo dos vórtices que observamos é razoavelmente maior do que aqueles mostrados na literatura para vórtices em discos, indicando que tal sistema de calotas pode ser promissor para aplicações em mídias de gravação magnéticaAbstract: In this work we have performed a systematic study on Co/Pd multilayers deposited over self-assembled polystyrene nanospheres (with diameter ranging from 50 to 1000 nm). The film deposited over the nonmagnetic nanosphere forms a magnetic cap with variable thickness. The Co and Pd layer thicknesses were chosen in order to obtain two classes of multilayers, one exhibiting intrinsic in-plane anisotropy and the other exhibiting intrinsic out-of-plane anisotropy, when deposited on flat substrates. The magnetic behavior of the caps¿ arrays with intrinsic out-of-plane anisotropy which we have produced agrees with results recently reported in the literature. The magnetic microstructure of the systems with intrinsic in-plane anisotropy is mainly influenced by three-dimensional shape and size of the caps. The study of those caps included magnetic characterization by Extraordinary Hall Effect, Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect and SQUID, structural analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and magnetic configuration probing by Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). For the smallest spheres (50 and 100 nm in diameter) TEM images show that the cap is segmented into radial nanopillar like structures. Agreeing with our magnetic measurements, we propose that this segmentation induces an effective radial anisotropy in the smallest caps. For the largest caps (500 and 1000 nm in diameter) we have studied the influence of the thickness gradient (probed by TEM) on the effective anisotropy along de cap. In those caps the multilayers are continuous and, correlating magnetic characterizations, TEM images, MFM profiles and micromagnetic simulations, we concluded that the magnetization forms a curling structure in the top of the caps. The so formed magnetic vortex is strongly influenced by the cap¿s shape. We observed that the magnetic vortex core is considerably larger than the ones shown in the literature for vortex in planar discs, indicating that this cap system may be promising for applications in magnetic recording mediasMestradoMateriais Magneticos e Propriedades MagneticasMestre em Físic

Development of new foods: incorporation of plant extracts as functional ingredients and natural preservatives

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología II, leída el 13-05-2016La innovación y búsqueda de nuevas evidencias científicas que avalen el consumo de alimentos funcionales con contrastados beneficios para la salud de los consumidores, es hoy en día una tarea clave para la industria alimentaria. Paralelamente a estas necesidades, los consumidores son cada vez más conscientes de los alimentos que consumen y demandan productos más saludables. Los aditivos alimentarios son una de las formas más utilizadas por la industria alimentaria para mantener la calidad de los alimentos. Dentro de la mejora de los productos alimenticios, la industria alimentaria recurre a la búsqueda de aditivos más saludables, con menos efectos secundarios y más económicos, de ahí que se haya fomentado la investigación en aditivos naturales, que provengan de plantas, animales o microorganismos. Los aditivos naturales pueden ser compuestos, o grupos de compuestos que se benefician de las sinergias individuales. El uso de las plantas y sus extractos como aditivos se ha convertido en uno de los temas principales en la investigación de los aditivos alimentarios naturales. Así mismo, se ha llevado a cabo una amplia investigación para encontrar sinergias entre aditivos naturales y sintéticos, y para encontrar un aditivo natural que sea capaz de llevar a cabo diversas funciones en los alimentos (colorantes, conservantes, antioxidantes, etc.). En la Unión Europea, algunos aditivos naturales están aprobados para su uso en alimentos, como por ejemplo el extracto de romero, los glucósidos de la stevia, etc. habiendo muchos otros esperando la autorización. de gobierno. El trabajo realizado en esta tesis doctoral se centra en la caracterización química de tres plantas tradicionalmente consumidas en Portugal y sus extractos acuosos (decocciones e infusiones), con la posterior incorporación en algunos alimentos tradicionales portugueses, como en los pasteles denominados "económicos" y el queso tradicional de oveja "Queijo da Serra da Estrela"...Innovations and beneficial inputs to increase health effects of foodstuffs are an important task in I+D+I research in the food industry. Parallel to these needs, the consumers are becoming more aware of the food they eat and demand healthier products which should be minimally processed or not processed at all. Food additives are one of the most used ways of preserving the characteristics of food and have been used for dozens of years, with improvements being introduced routinely. The quest for better and healthier food additives allied to the demand of consumers have fostered the investment in natural food additives, that come from plants, animals or microorganisms. Extensive research has been carried out to find synergies between natural and synthetic additives, and to find the natural additive that is capable of carrying out various functions in food (coloring, preserving, antioxidant, etc.). In the EU, some natural additives are approved for use in food, although many more are waiting authorization from the governing bodies. Natural additives can be individual compounds or groups of compounds that benefit from synergies. The use of plants and their extracts as additives has become one of the leading themes in research for natural food additives. This dissertation focuses on the chemical characterization of plants and their extracts (decoctions and infusions), with subsequent incorporation into traditional Portuguese cakes "económicos" and traditional ewe cheese "Queijo da Serra da Estela". Three plants and their aqueous extracts were screened in terms of bioactivity, and subsequently incorporated into foods. The three plants used were chestnut flowers (Castanea sativa Mill.), leaves and stems of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). For the flowers, both the infusions and decoctions of two cultivars (Judia and Longal) were screened for bioactive compounds and bioactivities...Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los AlimentosFac. de FarmaciaTRUEunpu

Problemas de estado de equilíbrio limite nos solos: seu estudo e sua programação

A discussion on the applicability to soils of the theory of plasticity based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterium. Follows the study of the limit equilibrium for granular media, according to Sokolovskii's theory, specially the bearing capacity problem. Finally a computer program in FORTRAN LANGUAGE to calculate the stress distribution at limit equilibrium of the soil mass. This program is applied to bearing capacity and to slope stability studies.O trabalho apresenta inicialmente uma discussão da aplicabilidade, aos solos, da Teoria da Plasticidade baseada no critério de ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb. Examina em seguida, o problema do equilíbrio limite dos meios granulares, à luz da teoria de Sokolovskii, tratando, em especial, da determinação da capacidade de carga. Apresenta um programa automático, em linguagem FORTRAN para cálculo da distribuição de pressões no maciço em estado de equilíbrio limite. Esse programa é aplicado à determinação da capacidade de carga e ao estudo da estabilidade de taludes