<i>Leptospira</i> strains used in this study.

<p><i>Leptospira</i> strains used in this study.</p

Characteristics of the study population in Moramanga, 2011, and risk factors for leptospirosis.

<p>Characteristics of the study population in Moramanga, 2011, and risk factors for leptospirosis.</p

Percentage of lethality across the three mammal species during plague challenge experiments.

<p>Percentage of lethality across the three mammal species during plague challenge experiments.</p

DataLeptoPublished

DataLeptoPublishe

Chronogram of plague epidemics and animal trappings in Mahajanga: C: Number of human confirmed cases; P: Number of presumptive cases; S: Number of human suspected cases.

<p>Sm: no. of <i>S</i>. <i>murinus</i> trapped (% of total captures). Arrows red: human epidemic, green: rodent capture.</p

Epidemiological characteristics of the 19 strains of <i>Y</i>. <i>pestis</i> used for SNP typing.

<p>Epidemiological characteristics of the 19 strains of <i>Y</i>. <i>pestis</i> used for SNP typing.</p

Comparison of the number of animals trapped in central areas in 1991 and 1995, and in both the central and peripheral areas from 1997 to 2014 in Mahajanga.

<p>Comparison of the number of animals trapped in central areas in 1991 and 1995, and in both the central and peripheral areas from 1997 to 2014 in Mahajanga.</p

Minimum spanning tree of 4,098 SNPs for 19 <i>Y</i>. <i>pestis</i> isolates from Mahajanga.

<p>The origins of the strains are distinguished by colors. Strain name is mentioned close to the circle. Numbers on the branch reflect the number of SNPs between two circles.</p

Results of population differentiation tests for the Madagascar dataset analyses.

<p>The <i>p</i>-values associated with each of the two tests (Fdist2 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032814#pone.0032814-Beaumont1" target="_blank">[43]</a> and DetSel <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032814#pone.0032814-Vitalis1" target="_blank">[44]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032814#pone.0032814-Vitalis2" target="_blank">[45]</a> analyses) for each of the four population pairs are reported for the two MHC-linked loci: Msat-Tnf and D20Img2. The supposedly neutral microsatellites for which a significant result was obtained in the analyses are also indicated, together with their <i>p</i>-values (in the case of Fdist2 analysis, all the presumed neutral loci revealing significant had F_ST higher than expected).</p

Partial Mantel tests carried out on the Betafo dataset for each of the five MHC-linked microsatellites.

<p>Partial Mantel tests carried out on the Betafo dataset for each of the five MHC-linked microsatellites.</p