Economic analysis of ethanol production from switchgrass using hybrid thermal/biological processing

The economics of ethanol production from switchgrass using Waterloo fast pyrolysis with a fermentation step is investigated. Standard chemical engineering methods are used to estimate capital investment and operating costs. Order of magnitude method is employed for preliminary approximation of capital investment. The azeotropic ethanol production capacity used in this case study is 189 million liters/year (50 million gallons/year). All cost figures are updated to 1997 US $. Total capital investment is estimated to be$142 million, while the annual operating cost is about $118 million with an ethanol selling price of$0.62/l ($2.35/gal). This compares to$0.58/l ($2.20/gal) for ethanol from popular wood as determined in a previous study of the Waterloo fast pyrolysis process. Conservation of energy, especially, in the separation and purification steps, and generation of steam from lignin to meet energy requirements are evaluated in terms of energy saving costs. Additional steam has to be purchased, at$0.30 million/year, in order to meet the heat energy requirement of the process. Sensitivity analyses of feedstock cost and yield of sugar fermentation on the selling price of ethanol show that feedstock cost is positively related to ethanol selling price, while the yield has a negative relationship with selling price

Energy-Momentum Localization for a Space-Time Geometry Exterior to a Black Hole in the Brane World

In general relativity one of the most fundamental issues consists in defining a generally acceptable definition for the energy-momentum density. As a consequence, many coordinate-dependent definitions have been presented, whereby some of them utilize appropriate energy-momentum complexes. We investigate the energy-momentum distribution for a metric exterior to a spherically symmetric black hole in the brane world by applying the Landau-Lifshitz and Weinberg prescriptions. In both the aforesaid prescriptions, the energy thus obtained depends on the radial coordinate, the mass of the black hole and a parameter $\lambda_{0}$, while all the momenta are found to be zero. It is shown that for a special value of the parameter $\lambda_{0}$, the Schwarzschild space-time geometry is recovered. Some particular and limiting cases are also discussed.Comment: 10 pages, sections 1 and 3 slightly modified, references modified and adde

The Energy of Regular Black Hole in General Relativity Coupled to Nonlinear Electrodynamics

According to the Einstein, Weinberg, and M{\o}ller energy-momentum complexes, we evaluate the energy distribution of the singularity-free solution of the Einstein field equations coupled to a suitable nonlinear electrodynamics suggested by Ay\'{o}n-Beato and Garc\'{i}a. The results show that the energy associated with the definitions of Einstein and Weinberg are the same, but M{\o}ller not. Using the power series expansion, we find out that the first two terms in the expression are the same as the energy distributions of the Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m solution, and the third term could be used to survey the factualness between numerous solutions of the Einstein field eqautions coupled to a nonlinear electrodynamics.Comment: 11 page

PAB3D: Its History in the Use of Turbulence Models in the Simulation of Jet and Nozzle Flows

This is a review paper for PAB3D s history in the implementation of turbulence models for simulating jet and nozzle flows. We describe different turbulence models used in the simulation of subsonic and supersonic jet and nozzle flows. The time-averaged simulations use modified linear or nonlinear two-equation models to account for supersonic flow as well as high temperature mixing. Two multiscale-type turbulence models are used for unsteady flow simulations. These models require modifications to the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The first scheme is a hybrid RANS/LES model utilizing the two-equation (k-epsilon) model with a RANS/LES transition function, dependent on grid spacing and the computed turbulence length scale. The second scheme is a modified version of the partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) formulation. All of these models are implemented in the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code PAB3D. This paper discusses computational methods, code implementation, computed results for a wide range of nozzle configurations at various operating conditions, and comparisons with available experimental data. Very good agreement is shown between the numerical solutions and available experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions

Determinants of penetrance and variable expressivity in monogenic metabolic conditions across 77,184 exomes

Hundreds of thousands of genetic variants have been reported to cause severe monogenic diseases, but the probability that a variant carrier develops the disease (termed penetrance) is unknown for virtually all of them. Additionally, the clinical utility of common polygenetic variation remains uncertain. Using exome sequencing from 77,184 adult individuals (38,618 multi-ancestral individuals from a type 2 diabetes case-control study and 38,566 participants from the UK Biobank, for whom genotype array data were also available), we apply clinical standard-of-care gene variant curation for eight monogenic metabolic conditions. Rare variants causing monogenic diabetes and dyslipidemias display effect sizes significantly larger than the top 1% of the corresponding polygenic scores. Nevertheless, penetrance estimates for monogenic variant carriers average 60% or lower for most conditions. We assess epidemiologic and genetic factors contributing to risk prediction in monogenic variant carriers, demonstrating that inclusion of polygenic variation significantly improves biomarker estimation for two monogenic dyslipidemias

A reduced moment antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice compound: Ce8N24Ga

We have investigated the antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice compound Ce8Pd24Ga through neutron powder diffraction and zero-field muon spin relaxation measurements. Our neutron diffraction study reveals a commensurate type-C antiferromagnetic structure below TN=3.6 K, with the ordered state magnetic moment of not, vert, similar0.36 ?B/Ce-atom along the cubic left angle bracket1 1 1right-pointing angle bracket direction. The zero-field muon spin relaxation rate exhibits a sharp increase below TN in agreement with antiferromagnetic ordering observed by the neutron diffraction study. The origin of the reduced moment ordering has been discussed in terms of the Kondo effect