Carbon and Energy Life-Cycle Assessment for Five Agricultural Anaerobic Digesters in Massachusetts on Small Dairy Farms

anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, dairy operations, food processing, greenhouse gas emissions, net energy gain, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries,

Carbon and Energy Life-Cycle Assessment for Five Agricultural Anaerobic Digesters in Massachusetts on Small Dairy Farms

In the United States anaerobic digestion units are in place on several farms but primarily handle manure and very small fractions of other organic material. AGreen Energy's business model aims to increase the profitability of dairy farmers and the food processing industry by utilizing organic feedstocks produced in urban areas while reducing the risk to investors by installing an expensive technology which better meets the needs of environmental regulators. An assessment is conducted that quantifies environmental impact through estimates of useable energy produced and carbon emissions avoided by AGreen Energy's project to install anaerobic digesters on five Massachusetts farms. The analysis shows the anaerobic co-digestion of manure and source separated organics under project conditions results in a net energy gain of 1:2.9 and a GHG emissions reduction of 50% over business as usual justifying the technique as a sustainable residual management tool for dairy operations as well as food industry businesses

The zeolite–lime pozzolanic reaction: Reaction kinetics and products by in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction

The early pozzolanic reaction in pastes of lime and natural zeolites was studied with time-resolved in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. For chabazite and Na-, K-, and Ca-exchanged clinoptilolite tuffs, which were mixed with lime and water, the evolution of the quantitative contents of crystalline phases was followed during the early pozzolanic reaction in the first hours and days. The dependence of the rate coefficient on temperature was examined by isothermal curing at 313, 323, and 333 K of lime–chabazite tuff pastes. Kinetic analysis indicates that the reaction rapidly displays a deceleratory character. This is explained by the modified Jander equation as a result of the reaction rate control by diffusion processes through a condensing reaction product boundary layer. The exchangeable cation content of clinoptilolite influences the duration of the initial induction period, the diffusion characteristics of the boundary layer of reaction products, and the structural evolution of the C–S–H reaction product. Alkali-exchanged clinoptilolites show a higher pozzolanic reactivity, a more permeable reaction product layer, and longer silicate chains in the C–S–H phase compared to their Ca-exchanged counterpart. The temperature dependence of the reaction rate coefficients in the lime–chabazite tuff pastes obeys the Arrhenius equation.status: publishe