High‐Temperature Oxidation of Metals

This chapter explains the brief understanding of the high‐temperature oxidation of pure metals such as iron, copper and zinc. Effect of crystal structure from fcc to bcc and hcp on the role of high‐temperature oxidation is described briefly. Simultaneously, the effect of grain size of these metals and grain boundary displacement during oxidation process are described very clearly. The combined effect of crystal structure and grain size on the formation of oxide scale is studied in depth understanding with support from the literature search. The aim of this chapter is to explain the mechanism and experimental evidence for the high‐temperature oxidation of pure metals

Magneto-Rheological Elastomer Composites. A Review

Magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE) composites belong to the category of smart materials whose mechanical properties can be governed by an external magnetic field. This behavior makes MRE composites largely used in the areas of vibration dampers and absorbers in mechanical systems. MRE composites are conventionally constituted by an elastomeric matrix with embedded filler particles. The aim of this review is to present the most outstanding advances on the rheological performances of MRE composites. Their distribution, arrangement, wettability within an elastomer matrix, and their contribution towards the performance of mechanical response when subjected to a magnetic field are evaluated. Particular attention is devoted to the understanding of their internal micro-structures, filler–filler adhesion, filler–matrix adhesion, and viscoelastic behavior of the MRE composite under static (valve), compressive (squeeze), and dynamic (shear) mode

Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Variants

The newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are potential threat and posing new challenges for medical intervention due to high transmissibility and escaping neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Many of these variants have mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that interacts with the host cell receptor. Rapid mutation in the RBD through natural selection to improve affinity for host receptor and antibody pressure from vaccinated or infected individual will greatly impact the presently adopted strategies for developing interventions. Understanding the nature of mutations and how they impact the biophysical, biochemical and immunological properties of the RBD will help immensely to improve the intervention strategies. To understand the impact of mutation on the protease sensitivity, thermal stability, affinity for the receptor and immune response, we prepared several mutants of soluble RBD that belong to the variants of concern (VoCs) and interest (VoIs) and characterize them. Our results show that the mutations do not impact the overall structure of the RBD. However, the mutants showed increase in the thermal melting point, few mutants were more sensitive to protease degradation, most of them have enhanced affinity for ACE2 and some of them induced better immune response compared to the parental RBD

Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy Analysis and Phytochemical Characterization of Aegle Marmelos (Bael) Leaf, Stem and its Screening of Antimicrobial Activity

Phytochemical screening tests was conducted for five plant species and found that extract contains a variety of Phytochemical like saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and reducing sugars and among which there is higher level of precipitation for phenol and flavonoids. As they are essential source of antimicrobial agents against pathogen, their extract were tested for its antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method using Nutrient agar against human pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. This study provided evidence to confirm the presence of various medicinally important bioactive compounds or Phytochemical that has got biological importance and it justifies their use in the traditional medicines for the treatment of different diseases and this findings suggest that the selected plant extracts possesses antimicrobial properties that could be used for biological control of bacterial cultures and this bioactive compounds serve as a source of antimicrobial agents against human pathogens. Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Phytochemical have two categories i.e., primary and secondary constituent. The phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs for curing of various diseases. this GC-MS has been used as standard protocol for a foreign substance identification because of its used to identify the particular specific test results which is indicates or identifies the presences of that particular substance. The aqueous leaf extract were used for to identify and the phytochemical analysis used to find out the phytochemical constituents presents at the taken plants. Plant showed that the alkaloids, trepenoids, phenol and tannins, reducing sugar, saponin, proteins, anthocyanin, coumarin and glycosides were found to be presents in the given plants. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy detection is the state of the art methods for detection and identification of unknown compound, it is also not infallible and many compounds are difficulty with their accuracy certaint

Anisotropic Heat Transfer in Plane of Carbon Fabrics Reinforced Geopolymer Composite

Heat transfer within carbon fiber in the geopolymer composite is predicted from parallel in phase to a perpendicular direction within the fabrics. Temperature distribution is higher along the fiber axis with a perpendicular position. The use of curvilinear coordinates along the fiber axis are useful in estimating thermal conductivity within the geopolymer composite theoretically. Experimental findings are also carried out in carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composite. It has been observed that thermal conductivity has remained constant throughout the composite as a function of temperature. A correlation has been established that shows the heat transfer in the composite falls within the standard range of the specification of insulating materials. This study offers insights and a possible strategy for the development of an anisotropic low-thermal-conductivity geopolymer composite for potential applications in insulating material systems

Thermal plasma technology: The prospective future in material processing

International audienceAn attempt is made to access the past, present and future research and development in thermal plasma processing of materials. A brief explanation from the basic of thermal plasma understanding towards application of technology in various areas is covered in this article. Such as application of thermal plasma in coating technologies, synthesis of fine powders, waste destruction, spherodization with densification of powders and in slag metallurgy are described from the lab scale basis towards the industrial utilization. Since plasma process is governed by a large number of parameters from input power to furnace configuration. Generation of thermal plasma and various types of plasma reactor is discussed for contribute the significance of output attributes. Finally drawbacks for the growth of thermal plasma technology in commercial aspects are covered up. Keeping in view, the future vision in the area of plasma technology is addressed in this article. Thermal plasma technology and its level of achievements in laboratory and industrial benchmark are covered up in this article. A proposal of future vision in thermal plasma technology draws the attention for commercial benefits and reaches in milestone in industrial area

Magneto-Rheological Elastomer Composites. A Review

Magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE) composites belong to the category of smart materials whose mechanical properties can be governed by an external magnetic field. This behavior makes MRE composites largely used in the areas of vibration dampers and absorbers in mechanical systems. MRE composites are conventionally constituted by an elastomeric matrix with embedded filler particles. The aim of this review is to present the most outstanding advances on the rheological performances of MRE composites. Their distribution, arrangement, wettability within an elastomer matrix, and their contribution towards the performance of mechanical response when subjected to a magnetic field are evaluated. Particular attention is devoted to the understanding of their internal micro-structures, filler–filler adhesion, filler–matrix adhesion, and viscoelastic behavior of the MRE composite under static (valve), compressive (squeeze), and dynamic (shear) mode