Typha latifolia paludiculture effectively improves water quality and reduces greenhouse gas emissions in rewetted peatlands

Paludiculture, the cultivation of crops on wet or rewetted agricultural peatlands, sustainably integrates productive land use with the provision of multiple ecosystem services. Paludiculture crops thrive under waterlogged conditions that stimulate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal from soil and water and convert serious drainage-induced carbon (C) losses to C sequestration. Nutrient uptake by paludicrops can prevent mobilisation after rewetting and provide opportunities for purification of nutrient-rich water. Uncertainty remains, however, if and to what extent N loading and a subsequent increase in biomass productivity affect nutrient cycling as well as emissions of the potent greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, we use mesocosms with rewetted peat to investigate the effect of different N sources in surface water on biomass production of Typha latifolia, a typical paludiculture crop, and the emissions of CH4 and N2O. Organic (Azolla filiculoides; urea) or mineral (KNO3 ; NH4NO) N was supplied either a single time (steady state) or repeatedly (pulse) to simulate a total surface water load of 150 kg N ha(-1) . We found that N stimulated aboveground and belowground biomass production and nutrient uptake by T. latifolia. These effects were absent in Azolla treatments. Whereas after two months CH4 emissions arose to substantial amounts (> 10 mg CH4 m(-2) day(-1)) in unvegetated mesocosms loaded with organic N, they remained very low (<1 mg CH4 m(-2) day(-1)) in vegetated mesocosms, despite the labile C pool in the extensive belowground biomass and organic N loading. Overall, N2O emissions were close to zero and were only detected episodically after NO(3)(- )loading, irrespective of plant presence. Our findings support that T. latifolia as a paludicrop effectively removes various forms of N and P when harvested, and strongly mitigates CH4 emission after the rewetting of agricultural peat soils compared to unvegetated conditions

A novel mesocosm set-up reveals strong methane emission reduction in submerged peat moss Sphagnum cuspidatum by tightly associated methanotrophs

Wetlands present the largest natural sources of methane (CH_4) and their potential CH_4 emissions greatly vary due to the activity of CH_4-oxidizing bacteria associated with wetland plant species. In this study, the association of CH_4-oxidizing bacteria with submerged Sphagnum peat mosses was studied, followed by the development of a novel mesocosm set-up. This set-up enabled the precise control of CH_4 input and allowed for monitoring the dissolved CH_4in a Sphagnum moss layer while mimicking natural conditions. Two mesocosm set-ups were used in parallel: one containing a Sphagnum moss layer in peat water, and a control only containing peat water. Moss-associated CH_4 oxidizers in the field could reduce net CH_4 emission up to 93%, and in the mesocosm set-up up to 31%. Furthermore, CH_4 oxidation was only associated with Sphagnum, and did not occur in peat water. Especially methanotrophs containing a soluble methane monooxygenase enzyme were significantly enriched during the 32 day mesocosm incubations. Together these findings showed the new mesocosm setup is very suited to study CH_4 cycling in submerged Sphagnum moss community under controlled conditions. Furthermore, the tight associated between Sphagnum peat mosses and methanotrophs can significantly reduce CH_4 emissions in submerged peatlands

Ecological restoration of rich fens in Europe and North America: from trial and error to an evidence-based approach

Fens represent a large array of ecosystem services, including the highest biodiversity found among wetlands, hydrological services, water purification and carbon sequestration. Land use change and strong drainage has severely damaged or annihilated these services in many parts of North America and Europe, which urges the need of restoration plans at the landscape level. We review the major constraints for the restoration of rich fens and fen water bodies in agricultural areas in Europe and disturbed landscapes in North America: 1) habitat quality problems: drought, eutrophication, acidification, and toxicity, 2) recolonization problems: species pools, ecosystem fragmentation and connectivity, genetic variability, invasive species, and provide possible solutions. We discuss both positive and negative consequences of restoration measures, and their causes. The restoration of wetland ecosystem functioning and services has, for a long time, been based on a trial and error approach. By presenting research and practice on the restoration of rich fen ecosystems within agricultural areas, we demonstrate the importance of biogeochemical and ecological knowledge at different spatial scales for the management and restoration of biodiversity, water quality, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, especially in a changing climate. We define target processes that enable scientists, nature managers, water managers and policy makers to choose between different measures and to predict restoration prospects for different types of deteriorated fens and their starting conditions

Wetscapes : Restoring and maintaining peatland landscapes for sustainable futures

Peatlands are among the world's most carbon-dense ecosystems and hotspots of carbon storage. Although peatland drainage causes strong carbon emissions, land subsidence, fires and biodiversity loss, drainage-based agriculture and forestry on peatland is still expanding on a global scale. To maintain and restore their vital carbon sequestration and storage function and to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, rewetting and restoration of all drained and degraded peatlands is urgently required. However, socio-economic conditions and hydrological constraints hitherto prevent rewetting and restoration on large scale, which calls for rethinking landscape use. We here argue that creating integrated wetscapes (wet peatland landscapes), including nature preserve cores, buffer zones and paludiculture areas (for wet productive land use), will enable sustainable and complementary land-use functions on the landscape level. As such, transforming landscapes into wetscapes presents an inevitable, novel, ecologically and socio-economically sound alternative for drainage-based peatland use

A novel mesocosm set-up reveals strong methane emission reduction in submerged peat moss Sphagnum cuspidatum by tightly associated methanotrophs

Wetlands present the largest natural sources of methane (CH_4) and their potential CH_4 emissions greatly vary due to the activity of CH_4-oxidizing bacteria associated with wetland plant species. In this study, the association of CH_4-oxidizing bacteria with submerged Sphagnum peat mosses was studied, followed by the development of a novel mesocosm set-up. This set-up enabled the precise control of CH_4 input and allowed for monitoring the dissolved CH_4in a Sphagnum moss layer while mimicking natural conditions. Two mesocosm set-ups were used in parallel: one containing a Sphagnum moss layer in peat water, and a control only containing peat water. Moss-associated CH_4 oxidizers in the field could reduce net CH_4 emission up to 93%, and in the mesocosm set-up up to 31%. Furthermore, CH_4 oxidation was only associated with Sphagnum, and did not occur in peat water. Especially methanotrophs containing a soluble methane monooxygenase enzyme were significantly enriched during the 32 day mesocosm incubations. Together these findings showed the new mesocosm setup is very suited to study CH_4 cycling in submerged Sphagnum moss community under controlled conditions. Furthermore, the tight associated between Sphagnum peat mosses and methanotrophs can significantly reduce CH_4 emissions in submerged peatlands

Drought, mutualism breakdown, and landscape-scale degradation of seagrass beds

In many marine ecosystems, biodiversity critically depends on foundation species such as corals and seagrasses that engage in mutualistic interactions [1-3]. Concerns grow that environmental disruption of marine mutualisms exacerbates ecosystem degradation, with breakdown of the obligate coral mutualism ("coral bleaching") being an iconic example [2, 4, 5]. However, as these mutualisms are mostly facultative rather than obligate, it remains unclear whether mutualism breakdown is a common risk in marine ecosystems, and thus a potential accelerator of ecosystem degradation. Here, we provide evidence that drought triggered landscape-scale seagrass degradation and show the consequent failure of a facultative mutualistic feedback between seagrass and sulfide-consuming lucinid bivalves that in turn appeared to exacerbate the observed collapse. Local climate and remote sensing analyses revealed seagrass collapse after a summer with intense low-tide drought stress. Potential analysis-a novel approach to detect feedback-mediated state shifts-revealed two attractors (healthy and degraded states) during the collapse, suggesting that the drought disrupted internal feedbacks to cause abrupt, patch-wise degradation. Field measurements comparing degraded patches that were healthy before the collapse with patches that remained healthy demonstrated that bivalves declined dramatically in degrading patches with associated high sediment sulfide concentrations, confirming the breakdown of the mutualistic seagrass-lucinid feedback. Our findings indicate that drought triggered mutualism breakdown, resulting in toxic sulfide concentrations that aggravated seagrass degradation. We conclude that external disturbances can cause sudden breakdown of facultative marine mutualistic feedbacks. As this may amplify ecosystem degradation, we suggest including mutualisms in marine conservation and restoration approaches

Positive Feedbacks in Seagrass Ecosystems – Evidence from Large-Scale Empirical Data

Positive feedbacks cause a nonlinear response of ecosystems to environmental change and may even cause bistability. Even though the importance of feedback mechanisms has been demonstrated for many types of ecosystems, their identification and quantification is still difficult. Here, we investigated whether positive feedbacks between seagrasses and light conditions are likely in seagrass ecosystems dominated by the temperate seagrass Zostera marina. We applied a combination of multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) on a dataset containing 83 sites scattered across Western Europe. Results confirmed that a positive feedback between sediment conditions, light conditions and seagrass density is likely to exist in seagrass ecosystems. This feedback indicated that seagrasses are able to trap and stabilize suspended sediments, which in turn improves water clarity and seagrass growth conditions. Furthermore, our analyses demonstrated that effects of eutrophication on light conditions, as indicated by surface water total nitrogen, were on average at least as important as sediment conditions. This suggests that in general, eutrophication might be the most important factor controlling seagrasses in sheltered estuaries, while the seagrass-sediment-light feedback is a dominant mechanism in more exposed areas. Our study demonstrates the potentials of SEM to identify and quantify positive feedbacks mechanisms for ecosystems and other complex systems

Nitrogen pollution negatively affects Stratiotes aloides in Central-Eastern Europe. Implications for translocation actions

1. The preliminary evaluation of threats and the possibility of their removal or mitigation is a key issue for a successful translocation. Here, the possibility to reintroduce Stratiotes aloides in Italy where it had become extinct about 25\u2009years ago was investigated by studying the difference in water quality in sites where the species currently exists in Europe, where the species has recently disappeared (extinct) and in proposed translocation sites. 2. Sediment pore-water samples and surface water samples were collected in 18 localities in The Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Romania, representing six European river basins. 3. The high concentrations of surface water inorganic nitrogen (especially nitrates) were identified as the likely cause of decline of S. aloides in central-eastern Europe and the cause of extinction of the species in Italy. 4. The proposed translocation sites are more similar to current conditions of extinct sites than current sites of occurrence of S. aloides, affecting the possibility of successfully reintroducing the species at the southern edge of its European range. Increasing concentration of nitrates in other parts of the species range might further decrease the species abundance