23,360 research outputs found
Gruenhage compacta and strictly convex dual norms
We prove that if K is a Gruenhage compact space then C(K)* admits an
equivalent, strictly convex dual norm. As a corollary, we show that if X is a
Banach space and X* is the |.|-closed linear span of K, where K is a Gruenhage
compact in the w*-topology and |.| is equivalent to a coarser, w*-lower
semicontinuous norm on X*, then X* admits an equivalent, strictly convex dual
norm. We give a partial converse to the first result by showing that if T is a
tree, then C(T)* admits an equivalent, strictly convex dual norm if and only if
T is a Gruenhage space. Finally, we present some stability properties satisfied
by Gruenhage spaces; in particular, Gruenhage spaces are stable under perfect
images
Trees, linear orders and G\^ateaux smooth norms
We introduce a linearly ordered set Z and use it to prove a necessity
condition for the existence of a G\^ateaux smooth norm on C(T), where T is a
tree. This criterion is directly analogous to the corresponding equivalent
condition for Fr\'echet smooth norms. In addition, we prove that if C(T) admits
a G\^ateaux smooth lattice norm then it also admits a lattice norm with
strictly convex dual norm.Comment: A different version of this paper is to appear in J. London Math. So
Automatic positive semidefinate HAC covariance matrix and GMM estimation
This paper proposes a new class of heteroskedastic and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) covariance matrix estimators. The standard HAC estimation method reweights estimators of the autocovariances. Here we initially smooth the data observations themselves using kernel function–based weights. The resultant HAC covariance matrix estimator is the normalized outer product of the smoothed random vectors and is therefore automatically positive semidefinite. A corresponding efficient GMM criterion may also be defined as a quadratic form in the smoothed moment indicators whose normalized minimand provides a test statistic for the overidentifying moment conditions
The Road to a Climate Change Agreement Runs Through Montreal
The 1987 Montreal Protocol to address ozone layer depletion was a pivotal agreement in the history of global environmental negotiations. It established a process that remains an important precedent for dealing with global environmental problems, including global warming. What made the negotiation of that agreement such an iconic event, and what useful lessons does it hold for climate change negotiators? Richard Smith cites a number offactors that were critical to the success of the Montreal Protocol. For example: (1) the United States played a leadership role from the beginning, including banning the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in most aerosols and appointing a chief negotiator with responsibility for developing the U.S. position well before the negotiations began; (2) from the outset all countries that were parties to the agreement, both developed and developing countries, made specific commitments to reduce the production and use of ozone-depleting substances; and (3) the protocol set up a procedure for regularly reviewing and revising its provisions at follow-up meetings, thus accommodating new information rapidly and efficiently. A central lesson that climate change negotiators should learn from the Montreal Protocol is that it set a process in motion, which ultimately led to all parties to the agreement making the necessary commitments to arrest and eventually reverse the deterioration of the stratospheric ozone layer. Clearly, climate change negotiators face a more complex and far-reaching challenge today. The phaseout of ozone-depleting chemicals and related infrastructure involved major industries such as refrigeration, electronics, fire fighting, and aerosols and cost billions of dollars. But reducing greenhouse gas emissions will require fundamentally rethinking the present carbon-based societies and taking steps that will affect virtually every aspect of economic activity. Despite this significant difference in the impact on the economic structure of the countries concerned, however, there are similarities between the two challenges, and climate change negotiators would be well advised to reflect on the Montreal Protocol and the lessons that can be learned from it.
Improved Density and Distribution Function Estimation
Given additional distributional information in the form of moment
restrictions, kernel density and distribution function estimators with implied
generalised empirical likelihood probabilities as weights achieve a reduction
in variance due to the systematic use of this extra information. The particular
interest here is the estimation of densities or distributions of (generalised)
residuals in semi-parametric models defined by a finite number of moment
restrictions. Such estimates are of great practical interest, being potentially
of use for diagnostic purposes, including tests of parametric assumptions on an
error distribution, goodness-of-fit tests or tests of overidentifying moment
restrictions. The paper gives conditions for the consistency and describes the
asymptotic mean squared error properties of the kernel density and distribution
estimators proposed in the paper. A simulation study evaluates the small sample
performance of these estimators. Supplements provide analytic examples to
illustrate situations where kernel weighting provides a reduction in variance
together with proofs of the results in the paper.Comment: 32 pages, 3 figures, 3 table
Approximation of norms on Banach spaces
Relatively recently it was proved that if is an arbitrary set, then
any equivalent norm on can be approximated uniformly on bounded
sets by polyhedral norms and smooth norms, with arbitrary precision.
We extend this result to more classes of spaces having uncountable symmetric
bases, such as preduals of the `discrete' Lorentz spaces , and
certain symmetric Nakano spaces and Orlicz spaces. We also show that, given an
arbitrary ordinal number , there exists a scattered compact space
having Cantor-Bendixson height at least , such that every equivalent
norm on can be approximated as above
Smooth and polyhedral approximation in Banach spaces
We show that norms on certain Banach spaces can be approximated
uniformly, and with arbitrary precision, on bounded subsets of by
smooth norms and polyhedral norms. In particular, we show that
this holds for any equivalent norm on , where is an
arbitrary set. We also give a necessary condition for the existence of a
polyhedral norm on a weakly compactly generated Banach space, which extends a
well-known result of Fonf.Comment: 12 page
Operator machines on directed graphs
We show that if an infinite-dimensional Banach space X has a symmetric basis
then there exists a bounded, linear operator R : X --> X such that the set
A = {x in X : ||R^n(x)|| --> infinity} is non-empty and nowhere dense in X.
Moreover, if x in X\A then some subsequence of (R^n(x)) converges weakly to x.
This answers in the negative a recent conjecture of Prajitura. The result can
be extended to any Banach space containing an infinite-dimensional,
complemented subspace with a symmetric basis; in particular, all 'classical'
Banach spaces admit such an operator
- …