3,291 research outputs found
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Criminal Justice and Arab-Americans
Since September 11, 2001, Middle Eastern Americans have been the target of vilification and ostracization by a large part of the American Community as a result of heightened public fear of terrorism. How has this impacted the relation between criminal justice and Arab-Americans
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Issue Brief: LGBT Voting Behavior
This issue brief will focus on voting behavior within the Gay and Lesbian community. The data provided will prove that members of the LGBT community usually vote strongly Democratic and typically perceive their ideological preferences as more aligned with the Democratic Party and progressive candidates. In addition, there is a discussion what LGBT voters may use as their criteria for choosing candidates, and what that criteria may show about the evolution of Gay and Lesbian voting in the U.S
Draft genome sequences of xanthomonas sacchari and two banana-associated xanthomonads reveal insights into the xanthomonas group 1 clade
Original article plus subsequent corrections as described below:
Following publication of our article [1], we found errors in analyses performed by the
corresponding author (DJS) related to the phylogenetic relationship between Xylella species and the
other xanthomonads. These errors do not make any difference to the main findings and conclusions
reported in our paper. For example, the phylogenetic positions of NCPPB1131, NCPPB1132 and
NCPPB4393 within the Group 1 Xanthomonas species are unaffected. However, we wish to apologize
to the authors of a previous work [2] for creating any negative impression on the quality of their
phylogenetic analyses and to take this opportunity to rectify the errors. The details of the errors are listed.Freely available on Open AccessNOTE: the published correction is in ORE at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/25734We present draft genome sequences for three strains of Xanthomonas species,
each of which was associated with banana plants (Musa species) but is not closely related
to the previously sequenced banana-pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum.
Strain NCPPB4393 had been deposited as Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum
but in fact falls within the species Xanthomonas sacchari. Strain NCPPB1132 is more
distantly related to Xanthomonas sacchari whilst strain NCPPB 1131 grouped in a distinct
species-level clade related to X. sacchari, along with strains from ginger, rice, cotton and
sugarcane. These three newly sequenced strains share many genomic features with the
previously sequenced Xanthomonas albilineans, for example possessing an unsual metE
allele and lacking the Hrp type III secretion system. However, they are distinct from
Xanthomonas albilineans in many respects, for example showing little evidence
of genome reduction. They also lack the SPI-1 type III secretion system found in
OPEN ACCESSGenes 2011, 2 1051
Xanthomonas albilineans. Unlike X. albilineans, all three strains possess a gum gene
cluster. The data reported here provide the first genome-wide survey of non-Hrp
Xanthomonas species other than Xanthomonas albilineans, which is an atypical member of
this group. We hope that the availability of complete sequence data for this group of
organisms is the first step towards understanding their interactions with plants and
identifying potential virulence factors
Patterning and process parameter effects in 3D suspension near-field electrospinning of nanoarrays
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains nanofibrous proteins and proteoglycans. Nanofabrication methods have received growing interest in recent years as a means of recapitulating these elements within the ECM. Near-field electrospinning (NFES) is a versatile fibre deposition method, capable of layer-by-layer nano-fabrication. The maximum layer height is generally limited in layer-by-layer NFES as a consequence of electrostatic effects of the polymer at the surface, due to residual charge and polymer dielectric properties. This restricts the total volume achievable by layer-by-layer techniques. Surpassing this restriction presents a complex challenge, leading to research innovations aimed at increasing patterning precision, and achieving a translation from 2D to 3D additive nanofabrication. Here we investigated a means of achieving this translation through the use of 3D electrode substrates. This was addressed by in-house developed technology in which selective laser melt manufactured standing pillar electrodes were combined with a direct suspension near-field electrospinning (SNFES) technique, which implements an automated platform to manoeuvre the pillar electrodes around the emitter in order to suspend fibres in the free space between the electrode support structures. In this study SNFES was used in multiple operation modes, investigating the effects of varying process parameters, as well as pattern variations on the suspended nanoarrays. Image analysis of the nanoarrays allowed for the assessment of fibre directionality, isotropy, and diameter; identifying optimal settings to generate fibres for tissue engineering applications
Genome-Wide Sequencing Reveals Two Major Sub-Lineages in the Genetically Monomorphic Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris Pathovar musacearum
types: ArticleFreely available on Open AccessThe bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm) is the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW). This disease has devastated economies based on banana and plantain crops (Musa species) in East Africa. Here we use genome-wide sequencing to discover a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among East African isolates of Xcm. These SNPs have potential as molecular markers for phylogeographic studies of the epidemiology and spread of the pathogen. Our analysis reveals two major sub-lineages of the pathogen, suggesting that the current outbreaks of BXW on Musa species in the region may have more than one introductory event, perhaps from Ethiopia. Also, based on comparisons of genome-wide sequence data from multiple isolates of Xcm and multiple strains of X. vasicola pathovar vasculorum, we identify genes specific to Xcm that could be used to specifically detect Xcm by PCR-based methods
Optical properties of the vibrations in charged C molecules
The transition strengths for the four infrared-active vibrations of charged
C molecules are evaluated in self-consistent density functional theory
using the local density approximation. The oscillator strengths for the second
and fourth modes are strongly enhanced relative to the neutral C
molecule, in good agreement with the experimental observation of ``giant
resonances'' for those two modes. Previous theory, based on a ``charged
phonon'' model, predicted a quadratic dependence of the oscillator strength on
doping, but this is not borne out in our calculations.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX3.
Realising the Olympic dream: vision, support and challenge
The sporting arena is replete with examples and anecdotes of great inspirational coaches that have led teams to success, often in the face of adversity and against seemingly better opponents. The role of the coach in developing and motivating athletes has also been the focus of much research in sport psychology (e.g., Challaduria 1990; Smith & Smoll, 2007). Despite the ease with which one readily accepts that coaches can be inspirational, the sport coaching literature is somewhat devoid of research on inspirational coaches and the effects of such coaches on athletic success. The purpose of the current paper is to theoretically delineate the inspirational effects of coaches in sport. Given the relative paucity of inspiration-related research in sport we draw upon contemporary theories of leadership from organisational and military psychology (e.g., transformational and charismatic leadership theories). We propose a sport-specific model of leadership that centres around the vision, support, and challenge meta-cognitive model developed by Arthur and Hardy in military contexts. The model posits that �great� coaches inspire their athletes by: (a) creating an inspirational vision of the future; (b) providing the necessary support to achieve the vision; and (c) providing the challenge to achieve the vision. The underlying proposition is that the vision provides meaning and direction for followers� effort. That is, the vision serves as the beacon around which all the sweat, pain and sacrifice involved in achieving success at the highest level in sport is directed. At the heart of this model is the notion that athletes can achieve their dreams provided they are inspired to do so; this is because all other things being equal the person who is motivated to practice longer and train harder will ultimately be the best. The current paper will delineate the coach�s role in inspiring the athlete to train harder and longer
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High Exposure Facility Technical Description
The High Exposure Facility is a collimated high-level gamma irradiator that is located in the basement of the 318 building. It was custom developed by PNNL back in 1982 to meet the needs for high range radiological instrument calibrations and dosimeter irradiations. At the time no commercially available product existed that could create exposure rates up to 20,000 R/h. This document is intended to pass on the design criteria that was employed to create this unique facility, while maintaining compliance with ANSI N543-1974, "General Safety Standard for Installations Using Non-Medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma-Ray Sources, Energies up to 10 MeV.
Wee1-Regulated Apoptosis Mediated by the Crk Adaptor Protein in Xenopus Egg Extracts
Many of the biochemical reactions of apoptotic cell death, including mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation, can be reconstituted in cell-free extracts derived from Xenopus eggs. In addition, because caspase activation does not occur until the egg extract has been incubated for several hours on the bench, upstream signaling processes occurring before full apoptosis are rendered accessible to biochemical manipulation. We reported previously that the adaptor protein Crk is required for apoptotic signaling in egg extracts (Evans, E.K., W. Lu, S.L. Strum, B.J. Mayer, and S. Kornbluth. 1997. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 16:230–241). Moreover, we demonstrated that removal of Crk Src homology (SH)2 or SH3 interactors from the extracts prevented apoptosis. We now report the finding that the relevant Crk SH2-interacting protein, important for apoptotic signaling in the extract, is the well-known cell cycle regulator, Wee1. We have demonstrated a specific interaction between tyrosine-phosphorylated Wee1 and the Crk SH2 domain and have shown that recombinant Wee1 can restore apoptosis to an extract depleted of SH2 interactors. Moreover, exogenous Wee1 accelerated apoptosis in egg extracts, and this acceleration was largely dependent on the presence of endogenous Crk protein. As other Cdk inhibitors, such as roscovitine and Myt1, did not act like Wee1 to accelerate apoptosis, we propose that Wee1–Crk complexes signal in a novel apoptotic pathway, which may be unrelated to Wee1's role as a cell cycle regulator
A role for sex chromosome complement in the female bias in autoimmune disease
Most autoimmune diseases are more common in women than in men. This may be caused by differences in sex hormones, sex chromosomes, or both. In this study, we determined if there was a contribution of sex chromosomes to sex differences in susceptibility to two immunologically distinct disease models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and pristane-induced lupus. Transgenic SJL mice were created to permit a comparison between XX and XY within a common gonadal type. Mice of the XX sex chromosome complement, as compared with XY, demonstrated greater susceptibility to both EAE and lupus. This is the first evidence that the XX sex chromosome complement, as compared with XY, confers greater susceptibility to autoimmune disease
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