Experimentally Determined Structure of the Shock Reflection Process in Ionizing Xenon

The results of an experimental investigation of the reflection of strong shocks in xenon from the end wall of a shock tube are presented. The reflection of the incident shock structure, consisting of a frozen shock front, a region of relatively uniform frozen flow, and an ionization front, was observed with a fast‐rise (0.3 μsec) pressure gauge mounted in the shock‐tube end wall. The incident shock Mach number was varied from 11‐20, and the initial pressure was varied from 0.1‐1.5mmHg. The interaction between the reflecting shock and the ionizing gas in the incident shock structure produces a complicated series of shock and rarefaction waves; those waves that propagate back to the end wall were observed with the pressure gauge. A simple model which includes the gross features of the shock reflection process is used to calculate end wall pressures. The calculated pressures agree well with the experimental observations. In addition, ionization relaxation times for xenon behind the incident and reflected shocks are presented. The relaxation time data yield a better understanding of the ionization relaxation process in monatomic gases and provide an estimate for the electron‐atom, inelastic cross section for xenon

Investigation of Unauthorized Practice of Law by Omnibus Proceeding: The Ohio Method

The practice of law is impressed with a public interest. Whether by representation in a judicial proceeding or by advice on a legal problem, the lawyer renders professional service to the public. Preserving client confidences, assuring unquestioned loyalty, and rendering expert counsel are typical obligations of the legal profession. Another responsibility of lawyers is that of protecting the public from legal practice by unqualified laymen. Three areas of activity are involved in preventing unauthorized practice of law. Lawyers and public officials must define the practice of law/ investigate and prosecute unlicensed practitioners, and by judicial remedy prohibit further unauthorized practice. Although each of these three areas makes a necessary contribution to the ultimate control of unauthorized legal practice, the problems of making preliminary investigation and initiating legal action are perhaps the most important. To facilitate unauthorized practice suits, Ohio has developed a unique investigatory system. Since this procedure can eventuate in an action for an injunction, the most popular and effective of the various remedies employed in unauthorized practice litigation, it is a particularly significant innovation and one which may induce procedural modification in other jurisdictions

Synthesis and characterization of octahedral zirconium iodide clusters containing interstitial atoms

A number of zirconium iodide clusters that contain an interstitial atom in the center of a distorted octahedron of zirconium atoms have been synthesized in high yield and structurally characterized. Two distinct types of clusters have been found with stoichiometries Zr(,6)I(,12)X and MZr(,6)I(,14)X (where X = interstitial atom and M = Cs, Rb, or K). The two types of phases both contain Zr(,6)I(,12)X units but differ in the manner in which these units are connected by the sharing of iodines terminal to each zirconium;The variety of interstitial atoms found in the centers of these clusters is remarkable and includes carbon in Zr(,6)I(,14)C, MZr(,6)I(,14)C, and Zr(,6)I(,12)C; boron in MZr(,6)I(,14)B and Zr(,6)I(,12)B; silicon in Cs(,0.3)Zr(,6)I(,14)Si; aluminum in Cs(,0.7)Zr(,6)I(,14)Al; and potassium in Zr(,6)I(,14)K(,x) (x = 1 and 0.5). The phases represent the first example of an alkali metal atom, silicon, or aluminum occupying the center of a transition metal halide cluster;The structures of nine of these compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The results of these studies demonstrate that while the cell volumes of the MZr(,6)I(,14)X vary by only 3.5% the Zr-Zr bond distances differ by nearly 8.5%. The reason for this difference in trends involves the large \u27matrix effect\u27 observed in zirconium iodide clusters. A simple geometric model describing the observed changes in cluster geometry is proposed;Extended Huckel calculations on nonmetal-centered clusters demonstrate that the valence s and p orbitals of the interstitial atom interact with four orbitals primarily involved in Zr-Zr bonding to give four low-lying Zr-interstitial bonding orbitals. Molecular orbital calculations on the potassium-centered cluster indicate that stability is gained by a combination of Zr-I and much smaller K-cluster interactions that offset the loss of Zr-Zr bonding upon expansion of the cluster to accommodate the potassium. Extended Huckel;calculations also demonstrate the importance of the six terminal iodides on the symmetry and Zr-Zr bonding in the clusters; (\u271)DOE Report IS-T-1164. This work was performed under contract No. W-7405-Eng-82 with the U.S. Department of Energy