Trends and Management of Air Pollution: Assessment of Major Cities in India

Air pollution has emerged as one of the leading risk factors contributing to national burden of disease in India. This study examined the trends of air pollution in India over the period from 1995-2008. The analysis revealed a wide variation in the time series of annual measurements of SOx, NOx, SPM and RSPM at various cities in India. The mean of Annual average concentration of  sulphur di oxide was found to be higher for Bangalore and Kolkata(19.5, 19.7µg/m3).The oxides of nitrogen were found to be higher for  Kolkata and Delhi(48.80µg/m3,40.86µg/m3 ).The levels of RSPM was found to be significantly higher for Ahmadabad ,Delhi and Kolkata(165,163,126µg/m3).Similarly the levels of SPM  was found to be higher for Delhi and Kolkata(385, 301µg/m3). The other important point in SO2 levels is decreasing at all cities, which is largely attributed to sulphur reduction in diesel. The variation in annual average concentrations during different years may be due to multiple factors including meteorology, neighbourhood activity pattern or levels during monitoring period etc. Keywords: national burden, RSPM, air quality standard, sulphur reduction.average concentration

Assertion or Transgression: A Critical Study of Surpankha as an Unwelcomed Girl Child in Kavita Kané’s Lanka’s Princess

Kavita Kané’s Lanka’s Princess is the retelling of Ramayana3 from the perspective of the often misrepresented and misunderstood character of Surpankha,4 the daughter of rishi (sage) Vishravas and rakshasi (monster) Kaiskesi. Kavita Kané uses myths as a pretext to defy the idea of an ideal femininity in her book. Kané’s representation humanizes the character of Surpankha (translation: woman with sharp fingernails) who was born as the beautiful princess Meenakshi, but her defiant demeanor caused her brother Ravan to give her the name of Surpankha. Kané’s work exhibits the inner thought process of an unwelcome girl child in the family who has always been ignored by her mother and overshadowed by her brothers. The “violent restlessness” which is appreciated in the behavior of Ravan as a marker of heroism is often criticized when embodied by Meenakshi (Kané 28). The present study undertakes a textual analysis of Lanka’s Princess and further analyzes how Kavita Kané’s reinterpretation of the marginalized character of Surpankha challenges the stereotypical characterization of Surpankha as the “other” of Sita, who is the embodiment of obedience. In this light, the rewriting of Surpankha’s story by Kavita Kané focuses on the neglected aspects of Surpankha’s identity, which have been crucial in the formation of her female subjectivity. Moreover, Lanka’s Princess as a text strives to liberate her from the stereotypical image of a disfigured monster by demonstrating her as a woman “who has survived hatred, loss, and rejection” (Arekar 131). This research has the potential to invigorate and intensify the impulse to challenge the universally accepted patriarchal discourse concerning the representation of women in Indian mythology

Benzimidazoles derivatives with (2-{6-Chloro-5-nitro-1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-ylmethyl] 1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl}-phenyl)-(substituted-benzylidene)-amine with potential angiotensin II receptor antagonists as antihypertensive activity

In this study we have synthesized some Benzimidazole derivatives (2-{6-Chloro-5-nitro-1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-ylmethyl] 1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl}-phenyl)-(Substituted-benzylidene)-amine and screened for their antihypertensive activity. 4-chloro-o-Phenylenediamine was condensed with anthranilic acid in presence of Polyphosphoric acid and different aryl aldehydes compounds with biphenyl tetrazole ring. The presence of specific functional group were analysed by IR spectroscopy, The determination of structure for the synthesized compounds by NMR and Mass spectroscopy 13C NMR, 1H NMR, FAB Mass. All the synthesized compounds showed significant antihypertensive activity.Keywords: Benzimidazole; Antihypertensive; 4-chloro-o-Phenylenediamine; Biphenyl tetrazole; Blood pressure

Early onset osteoarthritis knee in premature menopausal women

Background: Women with early menopause medical (disease) or surgical (hysterectomy) are having postmenopausal symptoms after a variable period. Osteoarthritis (OA) strikes women more often than men and it increases in prevalence, incidence and severity after menopause. The present study was done to evaluate early onset osteoarthritis knee in premature (early) menopausal women.Methods: We have studied 160 women with early menopause (before 40 yrs of age) developing symptoms and well established osteo arthritic knees. We have studied various factors with early menopause. The data was analysed using SPSS software version 22.Results: In our study 138 cases (86.25%) were surgical menopause (hysterectomy) and 22 cases (13.75%) were medical menopause where definite cause was not obvious. An early onset knee pain was noted in 1 to 2 years. But late OA was noted after 6 to 7 years of menopause. Effective treatment was wanted by majority of the patient from the point of view of post-menopausal osteosaropaenia and physiotherophy. Even in urban population erratic treatment was maximum (75%). Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, fibroid or severe intractable infection appeared be the most common indication for hysterectomy.Conclusions: We concluded that with better awareness of menopause, effective regular treatment and physiotherapy can herald the process of osteoarthritis. The difficulties were mainly developed early because of lack of awareness, no effective regular treatment and physiotherapy. Pain is the starting feature which may continue to severe disability later on

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new benzimidazoles derivatives 4'-{5-amino-2-[2-substituted-phenylamino)-phenyl-methyl]-benzimidazol-1 ylmethyl}-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid: Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists

A new series of non peptide angiotensin (A-II) receptor antagonist has been prepared. This N-(biphenyl methyl) imidazoles e.g. Some new 4'-{5-amino-2-[2-substituted-phenylamino)-phenyl-methyl]-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl}-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized by 2-( α -hydroxy benzyl) benzimidazole was converted to 2-(α-bromo benzyl) benzimidazole by reacting with HBr and Anhydrous ZnCl2 Schiff bases react with biphenyl carboxylic acid with different substituents amino group cyclocondensation with appropriate reagents. Differ from the previously reported and related compounds in that they produce a potent hypertensive effect. The compounds synthesized were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FAB Mass and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. All compounds studied in this work were screened for their antihypertensive activity by tail cuff method and direct method measurement of blood pressure.Keywords: Benzimidazoles; Biphenyl Carboxylic acid; Angiotension-II

Investigating the Relationship of Organizational Identification, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Ethical leadership in Context of College Teachers

The study initiated with the focus on three broad parameters Organizational Identification, Organizational Citizenship behavior and Ethical leadership. The main aim of this study was to Investigating the Relationship of Organizational Identification, Organizational Citizenship behavior and Ethical leadership in context of College Teachers. The study was conducted with the help of convenient sampling and consisting of 402 college faculty members in Punjab region. Structured questionnaire was prepared and survey was conducted through online as well as offline mode. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory factor analysis along with Structured Equation modeling was applied to reach the desired results. At the end, the result indicated that ethical leadership has strong and direct influence on Organizational Identification and Organizational Citizenship behavior

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy and its relation to perinatal outcome

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is one of the cause for adverse perinatal outcome. Pregnant women are at high risk for UTIs. Women exposed to antepartum urinary tract infection had increased incidence of delivering infants with low birth weights, premature infants, preterm infants with low birth weights, than those who were not exposed. Women exposed to antepartum urinary tract infection were also more likely to experience premature labor, hypertension or preeclampsia and anemia.Methods: Antenatal women attending Geetanjali medical college and hospital, Udaipur, OPD department were screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria and followed up till delivery. Two groups were made one with asymptomatic bacteriuria positive and treated and other with non-asymptomatic bacteriuria patients. Both groups were followed uptill delivery to note their adverse perinatal outcomes. Odds ratios (OR’s) and 95% test based confidence intervals (CI’s) were computed between two groups to note their perinatal and maternal outcomes.Results: Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 12.27%. Mean gestational age at which women presented was 14-26 weeks. No incidence of pyelonephritis was found. No significant adverse perinatal outcome was noted amongst patients treated for asymptomatic bacteriuria.Conclusions: Early screening and treatment of ASB when implemented helps in reducing adverse maternal outcome

Premature ovarian failure incidence, risk factors and its relation to BMI and infertility

Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is cessation in the normal functioning of the ovaries in women younger than age 40 years. It is estimated to affect1% of women younger than 40 years and 0.1% of those under 30 years. Premature ovarian failure is a common cause of infertility in women.Methods: Patient attending outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with age less than 40 years and complaint of menstrual disturbances, symptoms of menopause were enrolled for the study for duration of 1year. This study is planned to calculate the incidence, risk factors, relation to BMI and infertility in patients attending outpatient department at Geetanjali medical college and hospital, Udaipur for all enrolled patient coming with complaints of menstrual disturbances. FSH levels were send for all the patients and those with FSH level more than 20 at day 2/3 for menstruating women and random FSH level for amenorrhea patient more than 20 were classified in to study group and all those women with FSH less than 20 are taken as control group.Results: Present study strongly suggests that simple laboratory test FSH and symptoms of missed and irregularity of menstrual cycle help in early and prompt diagnosis of premature ovarian failure. And early diagnosis helps in avoiding unnecessary medications and helps in improving long term morbidity.Conclusions: Disturbances in menstrual cycle like amenorrhea and infrequent cycles are the symptoms which are associated with premature ovarian failure after ruling out pregnancy and other hormonal and structural causes

Systemic review of Swarna Vanga in Ayurvedic classics - A Kupipakva Rasayana

The word ‘Rasa Shastra’ comprises of two words: ‘Rasa’ and ‘Shastra.’ Rasa stands for ‘Mercury’ while Shastra stands for ‘Science.’ Therefore ‘Rasa Shastra’ literally stands for ‘Science of Mercury’ However this specialised branch of Ayurveda has a broad range of study. It deals with all the metals, minerals, mercury and other substances known as Rasa Dravayas. Swarna vanga is prepared as per reference of Rasa Tarangini Vanga (Tin), Parada (Mercury), Gandhak (Sulphur), Navasadara (Ammonium Chloride) and Kalmi Shora (Potassium Nitrate). Swarna Vanga is a type of Kupipakwa Rasayanas, indicated mainly in diseases such as Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus), Swasa (respiratory disorders), Pradara (menorrhagia), and as a Vrishya (aphrodisiac) and this is the product of complex chemical processes in which preparation of Kajjali and heating pattern plays most important role