Vehicle Steering control: A model of learning

A hierarchy of strategies were postulated to describe the process of learning steering control. Vehicle motion and steering control data were recorded for twelve novices who drove an instrumented car twice a week during and after a driver training course. Car-driver describing functions were calculated, the probable control structure determined, and the driver-alone transfer function modelled. The data suggested that the largest changes in steering control with learning were in the way the driver used the lateral position cue

The Implementation of Multicultural Literature in the Secondary English Classroom: A Preservice Teacher\u27s Experience

Even though the United States is more diverse than ever before in its history, selected literary texts in the secondary English curriculum have largely remained the same over past decades with minimal inclusion of multicultural literature - literature that is written by or about minority cultures. Multicultural literature is a subset of the greater idea of multicultural education, which is an education that is inclusive of all cultures with the goal of preparing all students to be productive citizens in a diverse, global society. Teachers are hesitant to use multicultural literature because of their implicit biases, neglect of inquiry, and limitations of literary theory. As a preservice teacher, I developed a unit with the goal of multicultural literature inclusion and collected work samples from high school students at my clinical placement in North Mississippi. Students and parents provided consent forms as approved by the University of Mississippi\u27s International Review Board in order to have their work included in this research. After obtaining consent, I analyzed these work samples to determine the student\u27s reading discourse as either universalist, individualist, eurocentric, or pluralistic. Students appealed to a combination of these reading discourses when engaging with multicultural literature. I also surveyed the students about their experience during the multicultural unit, and many students insisted that the unit could have been improved with a more diverse selection of texts and more discussion of race and culture. For multicultural literature to be effective, teachers must be professionals of inquiry as they expand their content knowledge, and they must instruct students in literary theory when analyzing literary texts. The study concluded that teachers need to continue challenging themselves and their students to approach multicultural literature in the secondary classroom to best prepare students for collaboration in the twenty-first century

Two new Phoretomorphic Siteroptes from Galleries of the Southern Pine Beetle (Acarina: Pyemotidae).

Zwei neue phoretische Arten, Siteroptes fusarii und S. trichoderma werden beschrieben. Die Gattung Pediculaster Vitzthum, 1931 und Pygmephorellus Groos & Moser, 1971, werden als Synonyme des früheren Namens Siteroptes Amerling, 1861, erklärt; denn die ersten beiden Gattungen sind errichtet auf phoretischen Formen von Arten, die als Siteroptes beschrieben sind. Obwohl beide neue Arten zusammen unter der Rinde von Pinus taeda gefunden wurden, unterschied sich ihre Lebensweise beträchtlich, und sie ernährten sich offensichtlich von verschiedenen Pilzen. Die beiden neuen Arten wurden in Laborkulturen durch den U.S. Service, Pineville, Louisiana gezüchtet. Dabei wurde entdeckt, dass es zwei verschiedene weibliche Formen für jede dieser Arten gibt und das diese nicht getrennten Gattungen angehören, wie vorher angenommen worden war.Nomenklatorische Handlungenfusarii Smiley & Moser, 1976 (Siteroptes), spec. n.trichoderma Smiley & Moser, 1976 (Siteroptes), spec. n.Two new phoretomorphic species, Siteroptes fusarii and S. trichoderma are discribed. The genera Pediculaster Vitzthum, 1931 and Pygmephorellus Groos & Moser, 1971, are synonymized unter the earlier name Siteroptes Amerling, 1861, because the first two names are based on Phoretomorphic forms of species described in Siteroptes. Specimens of the two new species were reared in laboratory culture by the U.S. Forest Service, Pineville, Louisiana. It was discovered that there were two different distinct female forms for each species and are not separate generic taxa as previously assigned.Nomenclatural Actsfusarii Smiley & Moser, 1976 (Siteroptes), spec. n.trichoderma Smiley & Moser, 1976 (Siteroptes), spec. n

Functional inaccessibility of quiescent herpes simplex virus genomes

BACKGROUND: Newly delivered herpes simplex virus genomes are subject to repression during the early stages of infection of human fibroblasts. This host defence strategy can limit virus replication and lead to long-term persistence of quiescent viral genomes. The viral immediate-early protein ICP0 acts to negate this negative regulation, thereby facilitating the onset of the viral replication cycle. Although few mechanistic details are available, the host repression machinery has been proposed to assemble the viral genome into a globally inaccessible configuration analogous to heterochromatin, blocking access to most or all trans-acting factors. The strongest evidence for this hypothesis is that ICP0-deficient virus is unable to reactivate quiescent viral genomes, despite its ability to undergo productive infection given a sufficiently high multiplicity of infection. However, recent studies have shown that quiescent infection induces a potent antiviral state, and that ICP0 plays a key role in disarming such host antiviral responses. These findings raise the possibility that cells containing quiescent viral genomes may be refractory to superinfection by ICP0-deficient virus, potentially providing an alternative explanation for the inability of such viruses to trigger reactivation. We therefore asked if ICP0-deficient virus is capable of replicating in cells that contain quiescent viral genomes. RESULTS: We found that ICP0-deficient herpes simplex virus is able to infect quiescently infected cells, leading to expression and replication of the superinfecting viral genome. Despite this productive infection, the resident quiescent viral genome was neither expressed nor replicated, unless ICP0 was provided in trans. CONCLUSION: These data document that quiescent HSV genomes fail to respond to the virally modified host transcriptional apparatus or viral DNA replication machinery provided in trans by productive HSV infection in the absence of ICP0. These results point to global repression as the basis for HSV genome quiescence, and indicate that ICP0 induces reactivation by overcoming this global barrier to the access of trans-acting factors

Regulation of the yeast DNA replication genes through the Mlu I cell cycle box is dependent on SWI6

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at least 17 DNA replication genes are coordinately expressed at the G_1/S boundary during the cell cycle. All of these genes have the DNA sequence element ACGCGT in their 5' upstream regulatory regions. This sequence has been shown to be essential for periodic expression of the POL1, CDC9, and TMP1 genes. The cyclin (CLN1 and CLN2) and HO genes are another subset of genes that are expressed with the same timing as the DNA replication genes. Their periodic expression requires the participation of two well-characterized transcriptional activators: the SWI4 and SWI6 gene products. In this study, we present evidence that SWI6 contributes to the regulation of DNA replication genes as well. Surprisingly, a preferential requirement for SWI6 over SWI4 is observed in our studies of ACGCGT-dependent reporter gene expression in vivo. This selectivity has not been observed for the other G_1/S genes. Correlating with the in vivo results, protein-DNA complexes formed in vitro on multimeric ACGCGT elements are either abolished or reduced in swi6Δ deletion mutants

Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk.

Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal-human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans

The Implementation of Multicultural Literature in the Secondary English Classroom: A Preservice Teacher's Experience

Even though the United States is more diverse than ever before in its history, selected literary texts in the secondary English curriculum have largely remained the same over past decades with minimal inclusion of multicultural literature - literature that is written by or about minority cultures. Multicultural literature is a subset of the greater idea of multicultural education, which is an education that is inclusive of all cultures with the goal of preparing all students to be productive citizens in a diverse, global society. Teachers are hesitant to use multicultural literature because of their implicit biases, neglect of inquiry, and limitations of literary theory. As a preservice teacher, I developed a unit with the goal of multicultural literature inclusion and collected work samples from high school students at my clinical placement in North Mississippi. Students and parents provided consent forms as approved by the University of Mississippi’s International Review Board in order to have their work included in this research. After obtaining consent, I analyzed these work samples to determine the student’s reading discourse as either universalist, individualist, eurocentric, or pluralistic. Students appealed to a combination of these reading discourses when engaging with multicultural literature. I also surveyed the students about their experience during the multicultural unit, and many students insisted that the unit could have been improved with a more diverse selection of texts and more discussion of race and culture. For multicultural literature to be effective, teachers must be professionals of inquiry as they expand their content knowledge, and they must instruct students in literary theory when analyzing literary texts. The study concluded that teachers need to continue challenging themselves and their students to approach multicultural literature in the secondary classroom to best prepare students for collaboration in the twenty-first century

Specifications for the central computer system for the AN/FSQ-7, supplement 6

Includes: introduction; specifications; and distribution list.The AN/FSQ-7 and AN/FSQ-8 specifications for the central computer system as recommended by Lincoln Laboratory are listed in 6M-3291 (released by T.I.R. #1-57) and in 6M-3291, supplements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (released by T.I.R.'S #1-66, 1-78, 1-93, 1-114, and 1-137). This supplement (Supplement 6) lists changes and modifications to the tape element specifications for AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central and AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Centra