The wall shear stress produced by the normal impingement of a jet on a flat surface

A method for the theoretical determination of the wall shear stress under impinging jets of various congurations is presented. Axisymmetric and two-dimensional incompressible jets of a wide range of Reynolds numbers and jet heights are considered. Theoretical predictions from this approach are compared with available wall shear stress measurements. These data are critically evaluated based on the method of measurement and its applicability to the boundary layer under consideration. It was found that impingement-region wall shear stress measurements using the electrochemical method in submerged impinging liquid jets provide the greatest accuracy of any indirect method. A unique wall shear stress measurement technique, based on observing the removal of monosized spheres from well-characterized surfaces, was used to conrm the impinging jet analysis presented for gas jets. The technique was also used to determine an empirical relation describing the rise in wall shear stress due to compressibility eects in impinging high-velocity jets

Understanding the nature of mental health nursing within CAMHS PICU: 1. Identifying nursing interventions that contribute to the recovery journey of young people

Child and adolescent mental health services psychiatric intensive care units(CAMHS PICU) are a small, specialised, but important component of the portfolio of child and adolescent mental health service delivery in the UK. There has been no published research in relation to nursing care provision within CAMHS PICU and little or nothing is known about nursing identity and intervention within these settings. This research study investigated the nature of mental health nursing in a CAMHS PICU setting, to propose a conceptual model of CAMHS PICU mental health nursing. A qualitative conceptual text analysis from an externally facilitated psychodynamic work discussion group over a period of six months was undertaken using a theoretically informed inductive content analysis method. This, the first of a two part paper, investigates the context of CAMHS PICU and the nursing interventions developed within it. Findings indicate that CAMHS PICU nursing contains elements that are unique from either general adolescent mental health inpatient settings and adult PICU settings. The primary nursing task of enabling developmental growth and reparation, for young people who are experiencing acute psychiatric disturbance during a critical phase of their maturation against a back drop of chronic adversity, complex trauma and learning difficulties, manifests as a series of irresolvable tensions within the clinical environment. Interventions are required that explicitly engage with young people’s dependency and the inherently dialectic nature of adolescent development. Part 2 of this research explores nursing staff experience of their work and of the clinical environment, and their support needs

Understanding the nature of mental health nursing within CAMHS PICU: 2. Staff experience and support needs

In the UK and other western countries, child and adolescent care is increasingly understood as a distinct speciality. Internationally, inpatient units are the most widely used element of acute adolescent mental health services. Child and adolescent mental health inpatient nursing has been identified as unique, and yet there is a dearth of research investigating the role of nursing in adolescent mental health inpatient units and its impact. This is the second of a two papers presenting findings from a first of its kind, qualitative study investigating into the nature of mental health nursing within a child and adolescent mental health service psychiatric intensive care unit (CAMHS PICU). A qualitative conceptual analysis design was used. Findings relating to understanding of staff experience of their work and their support needs are presented. Results indicate there is significant emotional labour generated from the detailed and intense relationally-focused work with young people; responsible for both a sense of value and job satisfaction, and corrosion of staff capacity to sustain these interventions over the longer term. The central role of projective identification and the specific support requirements that emerge from these intrapersonal dynamics are explored. A conceptual model of CAMHS PICU nursing is proposed, synthesised from findings in the two parts of this series

Ralph C. Smedley

Ralph Smedley, Class of 1903, makes a speech at a Los Angeles alumni event. He reflects on changes that have happened since his time at IWU

SLICES: Critical Theory as Praxis and Research-Based Service Learning

Abstract: In an era of increasing racial and ethnic diversity, both in the larger U.S. society and in institutions of higher education, using teaching strategies that explicitly address racial justice can be a meaningful way to engage a diverse student. Service Learning Initiative for Community Engagement in Sociology (SLICES) is a research-based program in the Department of Sociology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas that uses critical theories as praxis to foster academic and professional development, and civic engagement while paying particular attention racial justice. This paper describes the use of Feminist Standpoint Theory and Information Has Value as theoretical tools for course curriculum development, larger program design, and community involvement. Key words: critical theory, Feminist Standpoint Theory, service learning, community based participatory action research, Information Has Value Acknowledgements: The authors would like to extend our appreciation the two blind reviewers for their thoughtful and comprehensive comments. SLICES’ work would not be possible without the support of our UNLV campus partners. We would like to thank the Office of Student Engagement and Diversity, the Office of Undergraduate Research, University Libraries Social Sciences Librarian, Heidi Johnson, and the Office of Career Services. We would also like to thank Sociologists for Women in Society for their generous support from the Social Action Grant and the Nevada System of Higher Education Regents Service Award program funding support for SLICES staffing positions. And the first author would like to thank José Luis Meléndrez, M.S.W., Executive Director of Community Partnerships, UNLV School of Community Health, for modeling commitment to community engagement and mentorship

Patterns of Lymphocytic Infiltrates Can Differentiate Feline Hepatic Lymphoma from Lymphocytic Portal Hepatitis

Hepatic lymphoma is poorly characterized in cats and differentiating between inflammation and lymphomas is often difficult. The diagnosis of hepatic lymphoma in humans relies on recognition of specific patterns of lymphocytic infiltrates and clonality testing of antigen receptors. Herein, we defined similar patterns of lymphocytic infiltrates in hepatic biopsies of cats and correlated them with clonality to determine which patterns are predictive of lymphoma. A retrospective study was performed on surgical biopsies from 44 cats. The immunophenotype was characterized using CD3 and CD20 on all 44 samples. All 44 samples were tested using PCR for T-cell receptor gamma-gene rearrangements. PCR for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements was performed on 24 of these cats. Four patterns of lymphocytic infiltrates were characterized: (1) tightly periportal, (2) periportal and centrilobular, (3) nodular, and (4) periportal with sinusoidal extension. Other histomorphologic features (fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, bile ductopenia, bile duct targeting, hepatic hematopoiesis, lipogranulomas, lymphonodular aggregates, other inflammatory cells) were also evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of the lymphocytic patterns to diagnose lymphomas were determined using Bayesian Hui–Walter analysis (BLCM) against clonality results. Lymphocytic patterns 2, 3, and 4 accurately diagnosed hepatic lymphomas with a sensitivity and specificity of 82% (CI 95%: 0.65, 0.96) and 77% (CI 95%: 0.54, 1.00), respectively. None of the other microscopic features evaluated were predictive of a lymphoma or inflammation. Our study identified specific patterns of lymphocytic infiltration that differentiate feline hepatic lymphoma from inflammation while other histologic features were not associated with an accurate diagnosis

AIR multigrid with GMRES polynomials (AIRG) and additive preconditioners for Boltzmann transport

We develop a reduction multigrid based on approximate ideal restriction (AIR) for use with asymmetric linear systems. We use fixed-order GMRES polynomials to approximate $A_\textrm{ff}^{-1}$ and we use these polynomials to build grid transfer operators and perform F-point smoothing. We can also apply a fixed sparsity to these polynomials to prevent fill-in. When applied in the streaming limit of the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE), with a P$^0$ angular discretisation and a low-memory spatial discretisation on unstructured grids, this "AIRG" multigrid used as a preconditioner to an outer GMRES iteration outperforms the lAIR implementation in hypre, with two to three times less work. AIRG is very close to scalable; we find either fixed work in the solve with slight growth in the setup, or slight growth in the solve with fixed work in the setup when using fixed sparsity. Using fixed sparsity we see less than 20% growth in the work of the solve with either 6 levels of spatial refinement or 3 levels of angular refinement. In problems with scattering AIRG performs as well as lAIR, but using the full matrix with scattering is not scalable. We then present an iterative method designed for use with scattering which uses the additive combination of two fixed-sparsity preconditioners applied to the angular flux; a single AIRG V-cycle on the streaming/removal operator and a DSA method with a CG FEM. We find with space or angle refinement our iterative method is very close to scalable with fixed memory use