Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

The analysis of gene transcripts associated with conidiation in the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae /

Conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae play an important role in pathogenicity because they are the infective propagules that adhere to the surface of the insect, then germinate and give rise to hyphal penetration of the insect cuticle. Conidia are produced in the final stages of insect infection as the mycelia emerge from the insect cadaver. The genes associated with conidiation have not yet been studied in this fiingus. hi this study we used the PCR-based technique, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to selectively amplify conidial-associated genes in M. anisopliae. We then identified the presence of these differentially expressed genes using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. One of the transcripts encoded an extracellular subtilisin-like protease, Prl, which plays a fundamental role in cuticular protein degradation. Analysis of the patterns of gene expression of the transcripts using RT-PCR indicated that conidial-associated cDNAs are expressed during the development of the mature conidium. RT-PCR analysis was also performed to examine in vivo expression of Prl during infection of waxworm larvae {Galleria mellonelld). Results showed expression of Prl as mycelia emerge and produce conidia on the surface of the cadaver. It is well documented that Prl is produced during the initial stages of transcuticular penetration by M. anisopliae. We suggest that upregulation of Prl is part of the mechanism by which reverse (from inside to the outside of the host) transcuticular penetration of the insect cuticle allows subsequent conidiation on the cadaver

Surface co-stimulatory molecule expression was analyzed by gating on CD11c cell populations by FACS

A, representative histograms showing the percentage of co-stimulatory molecules expression by CD11c+ cells. Solid lines, specific staining; shaded histograms, appropriate isotype controls. B, Average Mean Fluorescent Intensity (MFI) of co-stimulatory markers. Data are representative of three independent experiments.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD11c+ antigen presenting cells from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma and spleen differ in their phenotype and capabilities to activate naïve and antigen-primed T cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/48</p><p>BMC Immunology 2008;9():48-48.</p><p>Published online 13 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527294.</p><p></p

CD11c APC populations isolated from BAL, lung and spleen were infected with AdOVA and co-cultured either for 48 hours with CFSE-labelled OT-I CD8 T cells or for 72 hours with CFSE-labelled OT-II CD4 T cells

The rate of transgenic T cell proliferation was analyzed by FACS. A, OT-I CD8 T cell proliferation. B, OT-II CD4 T cell proliferation. Representative histograms of T cell proliferation are shown. The average T cell proliferation rates are shown in bar graphs after subtracting from appropriate controls. Results are presented as the mean ± SD of triplicate samples. *p < 0.05.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD11c+ antigen presenting cells from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma and spleen differ in their phenotype and capabilities to activate naïve and antigen-primed T cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/48</p><p>BMC Immunology 2008;9():48-48.</p><p>Published online 13 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527294.</p><p></p

Freshly isolated CD11c APCs from the BAL, lung parenchyma, and the spleen were cultured for 48 h with LPS or mycobacterial antigens (Mtb-CF)

Culture supernatants were measured for TNF-α (A) and IL-12 (B) by ELISA. Results are representative of three independent experiments and are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding lung data. #p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding spleen data.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD11c+ antigen presenting cells from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma and spleen differ in their phenotype and capabilities to activate naïve and antigen-primed T cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/48</p><p>BMC Immunology 2008;9():48-48.</p><p>Published online 13 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527294.</p><p></p

CD11c APC populations were isolated from BAL, lung parenchyma and the spleen and pulsed with M

Tb CF protein or infected with live mycobacteria. APCs were then co-cultured with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells that were purified from the mice that were infected by live mycobacteria for 17 days (diagram). Cells were co-cultured for 24 h and IFN-γ-secreting T cells were determined by ELISPOT assay. A, IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. B, IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells. Data are expressed as the mean value ± SD of triplicate samples and representative of two independent experiments. ‡p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding mycobacterial BCG-infected APCs; #p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding spleen data.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD11c+ antigen presenting cells from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma and spleen differ in their phenotype and capabilities to activate naïve and antigen-primed T cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/9/48</p><p>BMC Immunology 2008;9():48-48.</p><p>Published online 13 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527294.</p><p></p