Analgesia, seda tion and neuromuscular blockade in the ICU

Pain is a major symptom which is often found in critically iii patients. Adequate management of this condition is implicated not only with humanization process in the ICU but may also to improve outcome and reduce hospital costs. Importance of measuring daily pain scores by the ICU team, as well as the available techniques of providing a good pain relief are pointed out. Exposition to a noxious environment which includes pain, noise, tracheal suctioning, sensory overload or sleep deprivation may require the use of drugs to promote sedation in order to control anger and mental stress. Furthermore, some clinical conditions, such as mechanical ventilation, may require sedation for its success. Some clinical aspects of neuromuscular blocking agents and their uses in the ICU are also reviewed.A dor é um sintoma freqüentemente associado ao paciente crítico, O tratamento adequado desta condição está relacionado não apenas aos processos de humanização na UTI como também a modificar o prognóstico e reduzir os custos hospitalares. São apresentados métodos de avaliação da intensidade da dor e técnicas de tratamento, desenvolvidos pela equipe atuante na UTI. Exposição a um ambiente com grande sobrecarga de estímulos sensitivos, dolorosos, ruído, aspiração traqueal e a privação de sono pode requerer o uso de drogas para controlar a ansiedade e a inquietude. Além disso, algumas situações clínicas, tais como a ventilação mecânica, podem não dispensar a sedação para lograrem sucesso. A importância e as indicações clínicas do uso de relaxantes musculares são revistas

Influence of femoral component design on proximal femoral bone mass after total hip replacement : a randomized controlled trial

Background: In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), we compared bone remodeling and bone turnover between 2 total hip arthroplasty implants—the short, proximally porous-coated Tri-Lock Bone-Preservation Stem and a conventional, fully-coated Corail prosthesis—over a 2-year postoperative period. Methods: Forty-six participants received the Tri-Lock prosthesis and 40 received the Corail prosthesis. At baseline, the 2 groups had similar demographics, proximal femoral bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers, radiographic canal flare index, and patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) scores. Outcomes were measured at weeks 26, 52, and 104. Results: Loss of periprosthetic bone, measured by high-sensitivity dual x-ray absorptiometry region-free analysis (DXA-RFA), was identified at the calcar and proximal-lateral aspect of the femur in both prosthesis groups (p 0.05). The adverse-event rate was also similar between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This RCT shows that prostheses intended to preserve proximal femoral bone do not necessarily perform better in this regard than conventional cementless designs. DXA-RFA is a sensitive tool for detecting spatially complex patterns of periprosthetic bone remodeling. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence

Reemplazo total de cadera en pacientes con osteosíntesis previa

Existe literatura abundante sobre los resultados clínicos y radiográficos de un reemplazo total de cadera (RTC) primario complejo tras una conversión de osteosíntesis. La mayoría de esos reportes se refieren a la conversión de un clavo endomedular o una placa con tornillos femoral (debido a una fractura u osteotomía previa) en un RTC con un tallo de fijación distal. El objetivo de esta nota técnica es describir la realización de RTC primarios complejos sin el retiro de una placa con tornillos preexistente, o con su retiro parcial, utilizando implantes primarios

Clasificación de la alergia alimentaria: generalidades

La prevalencia de alergia alimentaria se ha incrementado en algunas regiones del mundo, y con ello la incidencia, según la variabilidad geográfica, en el fenotipo y manifestaciones clínicas. La alergia alimentaria surge de la respuesta inmune específica inducida por la exposición a las proteínas de cierto alimento. La intolerancia alimentaria se refiere a reacciones no inmunitarias, causadas por características fisiológicas únicas del individuo, que incluyen mecanismos metabólicos, tóxicos, farmacológicos e indefinidos. Las reacciones adversas a los alimentos se clasifican en: mediada por IgE: Hipersensibilidad Tipo I, no mediada por IgE: Hipersensibilidad Tipo IV, mixtas: Hipersensibilidad Tipos I y IV No Alérgicas; tóxicas, farmacológicas, metabólicas, intolerancias. Este tipo de alteraciones son poco frecuentes, pero se ha incrementado en los últimos años; entre estas se encuentra el síndrome de enterocolitis inducida por proteínas, que puede producir emesis, diarrea e hipotensión, y estado de shock, que inicia dos horas después de la ingestión del alergeno. La proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteínas es una afectación que incluye la alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca. Las reacciones retardadas suelen afectar el aparato digestivo, son más insidiosas en su inicio y no se controlan inmediatamente, aún con la suspensión del alimento. Existen ocho alimentos responsables del 90% de alergia alimentaria: leche, huevo, soya, trigo, cacahuate, nuez, pescados y mariscos

Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting:a randomised controlled trial

Postoperative nausea or vomiting occurs in up to 40% in patients with multiple risk factors, despite prophylaxis. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug that is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in palliative care and to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative olanzapine, as a prophylactic anti-emetic added to intra-operative dexamethasone, ondansetron and total intravenous anaesthesia, reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting. We performed a multiply-blinded randomised controlled trial in patients aged 18-60 years with cancer at high risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting (three or four risk factors according to the Apfel criteria) plus a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients were allocated at random to receive 10 mg olanzapine or placebo orally 1 h before surgery in addition to a two-drug regimen (dexamethasone and ondansetron) and propofol anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea or vomiting. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery. In total, 100 patients were enrolled; 47 in the olanzapine group and 49 in the control group completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery was lower in the olanzapine group (12/47, 26%) than in the control group (31/49, 63%) (p = 0.008, RR 0.40 (95%CI 0.21-0.79)). Adding pre-operative oral olanzapine to intra-operative dexamethasone and ondansetron was highly effective in reducing the risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients with a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and at least three Apfel risk factors for postoperative nausea or vomiting.</p

Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting:a randomised controlled trial

Postoperative nausea or vomiting occurs in up to 40% in patients with multiple risk factors, despite prophylaxis. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug that is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in palliative care and to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative olanzapine, as a prophylactic anti-emetic added to intra-operative dexamethasone, ondansetron and total intravenous anaesthesia, reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting. We performed a multiply-blinded randomised controlled trial in patients aged 18-60 years with cancer at high risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting (three or four risk factors according to the Apfel criteria) plus a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients were allocated at random to receive 10 mg olanzapine or placebo orally 1 h before surgery in addition to a two-drug regimen (dexamethasone and ondansetron) and propofol anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea or vomiting. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery. In total, 100 patients were enrolled; 47 in the olanzapine group and 49 in the control group completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery was lower in the olanzapine group (12/47, 26%) than in the control group (31/49, 63%) (p = 0.008, RR 0.40 (95%CI 0.21-0.79)). Adding pre-operative oral olanzapine to intra-operative dexamethasone and ondansetron was highly effective in reducing the risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients with a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and at least three Apfel risk factors for postoperative nausea or vomiting.</p

Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting:a randomised controlled trial

Postoperative nausea or vomiting occurs in up to 40% in patients with multiple risk factors, despite prophylaxis. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug that is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in palliative care and to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative olanzapine, as a prophylactic anti-emetic added to intra-operative dexamethasone, ondansetron and total intravenous anaesthesia, reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting. We performed a multiply-blinded randomised controlled trial in patients aged 18-60 years with cancer at high risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting (three or four risk factors according to the Apfel criteria) plus a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients were allocated at random to receive 10 mg olanzapine or placebo orally 1 h before surgery in addition to a two-drug regimen (dexamethasone and ondansetron) and propofol anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea or vomiting. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery. In total, 100 patients were enrolled; 47 in the olanzapine group and 49 in the control group completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery was lower in the olanzapine group (12/47, 26%) than in the control group (31/49, 63%) (p = 0.008, RR 0.40 (95%CI 0.21-0.79)). Adding pre-operative oral olanzapine to intra-operative dexamethasone and ondansetron was highly effective in reducing the risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients with a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and at least three Apfel risk factors for postoperative nausea or vomiting.</p

Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting:a randomised controlled trial

Postoperative nausea or vomiting occurs in up to 40% in patients with multiple risk factors, despite prophylaxis. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug that is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in palliative care and to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative olanzapine, as a prophylactic anti-emetic added to intra-operative dexamethasone, ondansetron and total intravenous anaesthesia, reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting. We performed a multiply-blinded randomised controlled trial in patients aged 18-60 years with cancer at high risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting (three or four risk factors according to the Apfel criteria) plus a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients were allocated at random to receive 10 mg olanzapine or placebo orally 1 h before surgery in addition to a two-drug regimen (dexamethasone and ondansetron) and propofol anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea or vomiting. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery. In total, 100 patients were enrolled; 47 in the olanzapine group and 49 in the control group completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery was lower in the olanzapine group (12/47, 26%) than in the control group (31/49, 63%) (p = 0.008, RR 0.40 (95%CI 0.21-0.79)). Adding pre-operative oral olanzapine to intra-operative dexamethasone and ondansetron was highly effective in reducing the risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients with a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and at least three Apfel risk factors for postoperative nausea or vomiting.</p

Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting:a randomised controlled trial

Postoperative nausea or vomiting occurs in up to 40% in patients with multiple risk factors, despite prophylaxis. Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug that is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in palliative care and to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative olanzapine, as a prophylactic anti-emetic added to intra-operative dexamethasone, ondansetron and total intravenous anaesthesia, reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting. We performed a multiply-blinded randomised controlled trial in patients aged 18-60 years with cancer at high risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting (three or four risk factors according to the Apfel criteria) plus a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Patients were allocated at random to receive 10 mg olanzapine or placebo orally 1 h before surgery in addition to a two-drug regimen (dexamethasone and ondansetron) and propofol anaesthesia to prevent postoperative nausea or vomiting. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery. In total, 100 patients were enrolled; 47 in the olanzapine group and 49 in the control group completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 h after surgery was lower in the olanzapine group (12/47, 26%) than in the control group (31/49, 63%) (p = 0.008, RR 0.40 (95%CI 0.21-0.79)). Adding pre-operative oral olanzapine to intra-operative dexamethasone and ondansetron was highly effective in reducing the risk of postoperative nausea or vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery in patients with a previous history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and at least three Apfel risk factors for postoperative nausea or vomiting.</p

Efecto de la lidocaína venosa intraoperatoria sobre el dolor e interleucina-6 plasmática en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía

ResumenJustificación y objetivosLa interleucina-6 (IL-6) es predictora de intensidad en el trauma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la lidocaína por vía venosa sobre la intensidad del dolor e IL-6 después de la histerectomía.MétodoEl estudio fue prospectivo, aleatorizado, comparativo y doble ciego en 40 pacientes, entre 18 y 60 años. Fue administrada lidocaína (2mg/kg–1.h–1) en el G1 o solución salina al 0,9% en el G2 durante la operación. La anestesia fue con O2/isoflurano. Se calculó la intensidad del dolor (T0: despertar y 6, 12, 18 y 24h), la primera solicitud de analgésico, y la dosis de morfina en las primeras 24h. La IL-6 se midió antes del inicio de la operación (T0), después de 5h del inicio (T5) y 24h después de finalizada (T24).ResultadosNo hubo diferencia en la intensidad del dolor entre los grupos. Hubo disminución de la intensidad del dolor entre T0 y los otros momentos evaluados en el G1. El tiempo para la primera complementación fue mayor en el G2 (76±104,4min) que en el G1 (26,7±23,3min). No hubo diferencia en las dosis de morfina complementaria entre G1 (23,5±12,6mg) y G2 (18,7±11,3mg). Hubo aumento en las concentraciones de IL-6 en los 2 grupos de T0 para T5 y T24. No hubo diferencia en la dosificación de IL-6 entre los grupos. La concentración de lidocaína fue 856,5±364,1ng/ml–1 en T5 y 30,1±14,2ng/ml–1 en T24.ConclusiónLa lidocaína (2mg/kg–1 /h–1) por vía venosa no generó reducción de la intensidad del dolor y de los niveles plasmáticos de IL-6 en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía abdominal.AbstractBackground and objectivesInterleukin-6 (IL-6) is a predictor of trauma severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on pain severity and plasma IL-6 after hysterectomy.MethodA prospective, randomized, comparative, double-blind study with 40 patients, aged 18-60 years. G1 received lidocaine (2mg.kg−1.h−1) or G2 received 0.9% saline solution during the operation. Anesthesia was induced with O2/isoflurane. Pain severity (T0: awake and 6, 12, 18 and 24hours), first analgesic request, and dose of morphine in 24hours were evaluated. IL-6 was measured before starting surgery (T0), 5hours after the start (T5), and 24hours after the end of surgery (T24).ResultsThere was no difference in pain severity between groups. There was a decrease in pain severity between T0 and other measurement times in G1. Time to first supplementation was greater in G2 (76.0±104.4min) than in G1 (26.7±23.3min). There was no difference in supplemental dose of morphine between G1 (23.5±12.6mg) and G2 (18.7±11.3mg). There were increased concentrations of IL-6 in both groups from T0 to T5 and T24. There was no difference in IL-6 dosage between groups. Lidocaine concentration was 856.5±364.1ng.ml−1 in T5 and 30.1±14.2ng.ml−1 in T24.ConclusionIntravenous lidocaine (2mg.kg−1.h−1) did not reduce pain severity and plasma levels of IL-6 in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy