The RTM harmonic correction revisited

In this paper, we derive improved expressions for the harmonic correction to gravity and, for the first time, expressions for the harmonic correction to potential and height anomaly. They need to be applied at stations buried inside the masses to transform internal values into harmonically downward continued values, which are then input to local quasi-geoid modelling using least-squares collocation or least-squares techniques in combination with the remove-compute-restore approach. Harmonic corrections to potential and height anomaly were assumed to be negligible so far resulting in yet unknown quasi-geoid model errors. The improved expressions for the harmonic correction to gravity, and the new expressions for the harmonic correction to potential and height anomaly are used to quantify the approximation errors of the commonly used harmonic correction to gravity and to quantify the magnitude of the harmonic correction to potential and height anomaly. This is done for two test areas with different topographic regimes. One comprises parts of Norway and the North Atlantic where the presence of deep, long, and narrow fjords suggest extreme values for the harmonic correction to potential and height anomaly and corresponding large errors of the commonly used approximation of the harmonic correction to gravity. The other one is located in the Auvergne test area with a moderate topography comprising both flat and hilly areas and therefore may be representative for many areas around the world. For both test areas, two RTM surfaces with different smoothness are computed simulating the use of a medium-resolution and an ultra-high-resolution reference gravity field, respectively. We show that the errors of the commonly used harmonic correction to gravity may be as large as the harmonic correction itself and attain peak values in areas of strong topographic variations of about 100 mGal. Moreover, we show that this correction may introduce long-wavelength biases in the computed quasi-geoid model. Furthermore, we show that the harmonic correction to height anomaly can attain values on the order of a decimetre at some points. Overall, however, the harmonic correction to height anomaly needs to be applied only in areas of strong topographic variations. In flat or hilly areas, it is mostly smaller than one centimetre. Finally, we show that the harmonic corrections increase with increasing smoothness of the RTM surface, which suggests to use a RTM surface with a spatial resolution comparable to the finest scales which can be resolved by the data rather than depending on the resolution of the global geopotential model used to reduce the data

Relatório de viagem as plantações de dendê e coco no Estado do Pará (17/08 a 23/08/1987).

bitstream/item/66782/1/Belem-Doc5-Rel.pdfPublicação não convencional. Datilografado

Zika virus and the current outbreak:an overview

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to yellow fever virus and dengue virus, is currently causing a large outbreak in the Americas. Historically, ZIKV infection was considered a sporadic, relatively mild disease characterised by fever, maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis and often arthralgia. However, current observational studies suggest that ZIKV may cause more severe neurological sequelae such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, and birth defects, mainly microcephaly, in babies of whom the mother was infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. This article provides a clinically focussed overview of ZIKV, with emphasis on the current outbreak, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools and caveats. </p

Terugdringing fosfaatafspoeling van boerenland

De aanleiding van dit innovatieonderzoek was het groeiende inzicht dat een belangrijke transportroute van fosfaat van boerenland naar het oppervlaktewater bestaat uit oppervlakkige afspoeling. Na hevige neerslag stroomt water via greppels, of gewoon via het oppervlak naar de sloot. Als er net bemest is dan kan het wegstromende water een aanzienlijk deel van de mest meenemen naar de sloot. Boeren op slecht doorlatende gronden herkennen dit uit eigen observatie. De ‘snelle P route’ opent nieuwe mogelijkheden om fosfaat emissies te verkleinen. De vraag is dan hoe fosfaat uit, naar de sloot stromend water, gehaald kan worden zonder dat de afwatering van agrarische percelen gehinderd wordt? En dan liefst op een manier die boeren gemakkelijk in hun bedrijfsvoering kunnen inpassen, zodat de maatregelen daadwerkelijk kans van slagen hebbe